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continent Earth's largest land areas hemisphere half of the Earth equator imaginary line between the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere relative location location of a place where it is compared to one or more other places on Earth mountain range group of connected mountains Pacific Rim states and other countries that border the Pacific Ocean absolute location exact position on the Earth lines of latitude lines that mapmakers draw on maps that run east and west/parallels lines of longitude lines that mapmakers draw on maps that run to the North and South/meridians prime meridian passes near London, England, starting point for lines of longitude natural region region made up of places that share the same kinds of physical, natural features coastal plain area of low land that lies along the ocean fault crack in the Earth's surface along which underground layers of rock can move volcano opening in the Earth's surface from which hot gases, ashes, and lave pour lava hot, melted rock from deep inside the Earth fertile soil that is good for growing crops irigation use of canals, ditches, or pipes to carry water to dry places sea level land that is level with the surface of the ocean basin a low, bowl-shaped land area with ground all around it plateau an area of high, flat land elevation the height of the land above sea level inlet is a narrow strip of water leading in to the land from a larger body of water harbor place on a coast-often in a bay-where ships can dock tributary smaller river that flows into a larger river river system a river and its tributaries erosion the wearing away, of the Earth's surface channel path for the river to flow through floodplain the low flat land along a river delta land built up at a river's mouth reservoir a lake made by people to collect and store water hydroelectric power electricity made by using the power of rushing water temperature measure of how warm or cold something is precipitation water in the form of rain, sleet, or snow that falls to the Earth's surface climate kind of weather a place has most often air masses large, moving bodies of air humidity amount of moisture in the air rain shadow drier side of the mountains drought a long time with little or no rain Santa Ana winds hot, dry winds named by early settlers of Santa Ana canyon deep, narrow valley with steep sides product something that people make or grow, usually to sell growing season length of time when the weather is warm enough for crops to grow mineral natural substance found in rocks manufacturing making of goods fuel natural resource used to make heat or energy petroleum another name for oil nonrenewable resource a resource that cannot be made again by nature or people renewable resource a resource that can be made again by nature or by people habitats places where animals find food and shelter extinct when animals die out land use how most of the land in a place is used crossroads Any place that connects people, goods, and ideas.