Ch 1
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Created by:
ieatpaintchips72 Plus on October 15, 2008
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 empirical | derived from observation or experiment |
| psychology | the scientific study of mental processes and behavior |
| psychobabble | using language loaded with psychological terminology |
| critical thinking | analysis and evaluation of ideas and arguments based on reason and evidence |
| Occam's Razor | the maxim that assumptions introduced to explain a thing must not be multiplied beyond necessity. |
| phrenology | a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties |
| Wilhelm Wundt | structuralist. Break down mind into basic elements, Opened first psychological lab in1879. |
| structuralism | An approach to psychology holding that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements of which it is composed. |
| functionalism | a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment |
| William James | 1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth |
| Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |
| Sigmund Freud | (1856-1939) Founder of psychoanalysis, created the first comprehensive theory of personality |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconcious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconcious tensions |
| biological perspective | how our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion. |
| evolutionary psychology | a field in psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior |
| learning perspective | a psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social- cognitive learning theories |
| behaviorists | focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors; Believe personality develops as a function of learning history |
| social-cognitive learning theory | combines elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts, values, expectations, and intentions. They believe people learn not only by adapting to their environment, but also by imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them. |
| cognitive perspective | emphasizes mental processes. memory, thoughts, problem solving, etc. currently one of the driving forces of psychology |
| sociocultural perspective | emphasizes the social and cultural influences on behaviour. they focus on social rules, social roles we play. friends lovers, etc. how they affect how we behave. |
| social psychologist | someone who focuses on how the individual is affected by social rules and roles and how we are affected by other people |
| cultural psychologist | Someone who examines how cultural rules and values affect people's development and behavior |
| psychodynamic perspective | how we are affected by unconscious drives and conflicts |
| humanist psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes free will, personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential |
| positive psychology | a movement in psychology that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive |
| feminist psychology | a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes |
| psychological practice | The provision of health or mental-health services. |
| basic psychology | the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application |
| applied psychology | any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems |
| experimental psychology | the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues |
| developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
| industrial/organizational psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. |
| psychometric psychologist | they design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality |
| counseling psychologist | a psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of everyday life |
| school psychologist | assesses and counsels students, consults with educators and parents, and performs behavioral intervention when necessary |
| clinical psychologist | a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances |
| psychoanalyst | An individual who has earned either a Ph.D. or an M.D. degree and has completed postgraduate training in the Freudian approach to understanding and treating mental disorders |
| psychotherapist | simply anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy. Anyone can say that he or she is a "therapist" without having any trainning at all. |
| psychiatrist | a medical doctor who has done a three year residency in psychiatry to learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders under the supervision of more experienced physicians |
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