Chapter 10 Thinking/Language
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coatneybaby on February 21, 2011
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cognition | all the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating |
| Concepts | mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people |
| heirarchies | to simplify things further we organize concepts into ____. |
| prototypes | a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category |
| Oliver Corneille | found memory shifts after showing belgian students ethnically mixed faces. |
| Algorithm | a step by step procedure that guarantees a solution |
| Heuristics | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions |
| insight | Jognny Appleton displayed insight when he figured out how to save a young robin that had fallen into a narrow 30 inch deep hole in a cement block wall. Johnny's solution was to slowly pour sand in the hole. |
| Mark Jung-Beeman, Johm Kounious, and Edward Bowden | identified brain activity associated with sudden flashes of insight. The sudden insight showed a burst of activity in the right temporal lobe. |
| confirmation bias | a tendancy to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions |
| fixation | the inability to swee a jproblem from a fresh perspective is a true impediment to problem solving |
| mental set | refers to our tendency to approach a problem with the mindset of what has worked for us previously |
| funtional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; and impediment to problem solving |
| The representative heuristic | the liklihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent info. |
| The Availability Heuristic | estimating the liklihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common. |
| over confidence | a tendancy to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements |
| Kahneman and Tversky | ran a study over confidence: they asked people to answer questions with a wide enough range to include the actual answer. Most answered incorrect but were certain they were correct |
| Framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issure is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. |
| Belief Bias | the tendancy for one's pre existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or vice versa |
| The Belief Perseverance phenomenon | our tendancy to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Phonemes | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word. combos of two or more phonemes |
| grammar | a sustem of rules in a given language that enables us to communicate with and undertstand others |
| semantics | the set of rules we sue to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and even sentences. |
| syntax | refers to the rused we use to order words into sentences |
| receptive language | babies' ability to comprehend speech |
| Babbling stage | begins at about 4 months of age, the stage of speech develpment in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the house hold language |
| One-word-stage | the stage in speech development from about age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word-stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speach stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" usually mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxillary words. |
| Skinner: Operant Learning/Nature | believed that we can explain language development with familiar learning principals, such as association; imitation; and reinforcement |
| Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar/Nurture | children acquire untaught words and grammar at a rate of extraordinary to be explained soley by learning principles |
| Jenny Saffron | exposed 8 month old infants to a computer voice speaking an unproken, monotone string of nonsense syllables. The infants were able to recognize 3 syllable sequences that appeared repeatedly |
| critical period | childhood is the period for mastering language |
| Jaqueline Johnson and Elissa Newport | tested Korean and Chinese Imigrants on an english grammar test, requiring them to ID each of 276 sentences is gramatically correct or incorrect. Those who immigrated as children performed better. |
| Linguist Determination | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| Michael Ross, Elaine Xun, and Anne Wilson | invited china born, bilingual students to describe themselves in english or Chinese. English expressed mostly positive self-statements and moods. Chinese reported more agreement with values and roughly equal positive and negative self-statements and moods |
| Bilingual Advantage | children who learn o inhibit one language while using their other language are also better able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant info. |
| Georgia Nigro | had half a group throw 24 darts and the other half practice mentally and then had them all throw 24 darts. The ones who practiced mentally performed better. |
| Kohler | observed that chimps display animal cognition when Sultan the chimp solved a basic problem |
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