Anatomical Kinesiology Lec 1-5
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asheridan13 on February 22, 2011
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161 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anatomy | the study of external and internal structures and the physical relationship between body parts |
| Physiology | the study of function |
| Kinesiology | study of human movement across all of its dimensions |
| Kinesiology | primary goal is to identify the underlying mechanisms and consequences of human movement |
| Microscopic | structures that cannot be seen without magnification |
| cytology | analyzes the internal structure of cells |
| Histology | broader prospective- examines tissues |
| Tissues | groups of specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions |
| Macroscopic | considers relatively large structure and features visible to the unaided eye |
| Surface anatomy | refers to the study of the general form and superficial anatomical markings |
| Regional anatomy | considerall of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body such as the head, neck, or trunk |
| Systemic anatomy | considers the structure of major organ systems such as the skeletal or muscular system |
| chemical or molecular level | four- hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen make up 99% of the total number of atoms which interact to form compounds with distinctive properties |
| Cellular level | smallest living units in the body; contain internal structures called organelles; made up of complex chemicals |
| Tissue level | cells areconnected to form distinctive _____; that work together to perform a particular function |
| organ level | two or more different types of tissues with specific functions form a distinctive _____ |
| system level | consists of realted organs that have a common function |
| homeostasis | when the systems are functioning normally, the characteristics of the internal environment will be relatively stable |
| integumentary system | protection from environmental hazards; temperature control |
| skeletal system | support, protection of soft tissues; minteral storage; blood formation |
| muscular system | locomotion, support, heat production |
| nervous system | directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems |
| endocrine system | directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems |
| cardiovascular system | internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases |
| lymphoid system | defense against infection and disease |
| respiratory system | delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood |
| digestive system | processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water |
| urinary system | elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH |
| reproductive system | production of sex cells and hormones |
| anatomical position | standing wit hthe legs together, feet flat on the floor, hands at sides, and the palms facing forward |
| supine | lying down, face up, in the anatomical position |
| prone | lying down, face down, in the anatomical position |
| anterior | the front; before |
| ventral | the belly side |
| posterior | the back; behind |
| dorsal | the back |
| cranial | towards the head |
| cephalic | same as cranial |
| superior | above; at a higher level |
| caudal | toward the tail |
| inferior | below; at a lower level; toward the feet |
| medial | toard the midline |
| lateral | away from the midline |
| proximal | toward an attached base |
| distal | away from an attached base |
| superficial | at, near, or relatively close to the body surface |
| deep | toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface |
| cephalon/cephalic | are of head |
| cervicis/cervical | are of neck |
| thoracis/thoracic | the chest |
| brachium/brachial | the segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm |
| antebrachium/antebrachial | the forearm |
| carpus/carpal | the wrist |
| manus/manual | the hand |
| abdomen/abdominal | the abdomen |
| pelvis/pelvic | the pelvis in general |
| pubis/pubic | the anterior pelvis |
| inguen/inguinal | the groin |
| lumbus/lumbar | the lower back |
| gluteus/gluteal | the buttock |
| femur/femoral | the thigh |
| patella/patellar | the kneecap |
| crus/crual | the leg, from knee to ankle |
| sura/sural | the calf |
| tarsus/tarsal | the ankle |
| pes | pedal |
| planta/sole | plantar region of the foot |
| transverse plane | lies at right angles to the long axis of the body dividing it into superior and inferior sections |
| frontal plane | is parallel to the long axis of the body dividing it into anterior and posterior sections |
| sagittal plane | parallel to the long axis of the body dividing it into left and right sections |
| cells | structural building blocks of all plants and animals; smallest structural units that perform all vital functions |
| sex cells | sperm or oocytes |
| somatic cells | all other cells in body |
| cell membrane | separates the cell contents from the extracellualr fluid; extremely thin; composed of phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol |
| phospholipid bilayer | heads on the surface and tails on the inside |
| dissolved ions and water-soluble compounds | cannot cross the lipid portion of the cell membrane because the lipid tails are hydrophobic |
| cell membrane | very effective in isolating the cytoplasm from the surrounding extracellular fluid environment |
| Physical Isolation | cell membrane function; lipid bilayer forms a physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid |
| Regulation of the exchange with the environment | cell membrane function; controls the entry of ions and nutrients, the elimination of wastets, and the release of secretory products |
| Sensitivity | cell membrane function; first part of cell affected by changes in the extracellular environment; contains receptors that allow the cell to recognize and respond to specific molecules nad to communicate with other cells |
| structural support | specialized connections between cell membranes or between membranes and extracellular materials give tissues a stable structure |
| cell membrane | selectively permeable |
| impermeable | nothing can cross |
| freely permeable | any substance can cross without difficulty |
| selectively permeable | permits the free passage of some materials and restricts the passage of others |
| permeability | the effectiveness of the membrance as a barrier is determined by its ___________ |
| selectively permeable | restrictions may be based on: size, electrical charge, molecular shape, solubility, combination |
| permeability | varies depending on the organization and characteristics of membrane lipids and proteins |
| passive processes | move ions or molecules across the cell membrane without any energy expenditure by the cell |
| passive processes | diffusion; osmosis; facilitated diffusion |
| active processes | requires that the cell draws on an energy source; usually ATP |
| active processes | active transport; endocytosis |
| concentration gradient | a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another; inside to the outside of the cell membrane |
| selective permeability | allows the cell to maintain different concentrations of selected substances on either side of the plasma membrane |
| diffusion | the net movement of a material from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration |
| concentration gradient | difference between the high and low concentrations |
| diffusion | continues until the gradent has been eliminated; gets rid of concentration gradient |
| diffusion | -active cell generates CO2 and absorbs O2 -extracellualr fluid increases [CO2] and decreases [O2] -bloodstream decreases [CO2] and increases [O2] -____distributes such that the active cell maintains a supply of O2 |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a membrane from a region of high [water] to low [water[ |
| cell membranes | very permeable to water |
| osmotic gradient exists | water molecules diffuse rapidly until _______ is eliminated |
| osmosis | water movement |
| diffusion | movement of solutes |
| facilitated diffusion | no ATP used; passive transportation of compounds across cell membranes by special carrier proteins |
| facilitated diffusion | molecule first binds toa receptor site on an integral membrane protein; the carrier protein changes shape and the molecule is then moved to the inside of the cell membrane and released into the cytoplasm |
| facilitated diffusion | glucose and amino acids are transported across cell membranes via _______ |
| active processes | all require energy; cell can transport substances against their concentration gradient |
| active transport | energy in the form of ATP required; specific enzymes and carrier proteins must be present |
| active transport | not dependent on concentration gradient; can import or export regardless of intracellualr or extracellualr conccentration |
| active transport | all living cells show _____ ________ of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium; ion pumps |
| sodium potassium pump | 1- three Na+ in the cytosol bind to protein 2- this triggers hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and attaches a phosphate group to protein (shape of protein favors binding of 2 K+ which changes shape of protein to expell the three Na+ 3- binding of K+ triggers release of phorphate group causing protein to change shape again 4- as protein is back to original shape, it releases K+ and is ready to bind three Na+ again |
| endocytosis | the packaging of extracellular materials into a vescicle at the cell surgace for importation into the cell |
| endocytosis | involves large volumes of extracellular material; bulk transport |
| endocytosis | pinocytosis; phagocytosis; receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| endocytosis | produces small membrane-bound compartments called endosomes |
| endosomes | contents will enter the cell through active transport, simple or facilitated diffusion or the destruction of the vesicle membrane |
| cytoplasm | general term for all of the material inside the cell; contains more proteins than the extracellualr fluid |
| cytoplasm | two major subdivisions- cytosol and organelles |
| cytosol | contains dissolbed nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products; separated from the extracellualr fluid by the cell membrance; three important differences from extracellualr fluid |
| three major differences between cytosol and extracellular fluid | - cytosol contains high [potassium ions] while extracellular fluid has high [sodium ions] and numbers of + and - ions are not in balance -cytosol contains a high concentration of dissolbed and suspended proteins that give it consistency -cytosol contains small quantitites of carbs and large reserves of amino acids and lipids |
| Transmembrane Potential | extracellular has a net excess of + charges while intracellular has a net excess of - charges |
| carbohydrates | in cytosol- used for energy |
| amino acids | in cytosol- used to manufacture proteins |
| lipids | in cytosol- provide energy when carbohydrdates are not available |
| inclusions | masses of insoluble material found in the cytosol |
| inclusions | most common are stored nutrients like glycogen granules or lipid droplets found in the cytosol |
| organelles | intracellular structures that perform specific funtions; found in all body cells |
| organelles | two broad categories- non membranous and membranous |
| nonmembranous organelles | always in contact with cytosol |
| membranous organelles | surrounded by membranes |
| ribosomes | nonmembranous organelle; found in all cells (amount varies); small dense granular structures; |
| ribosomes | consists of 60% RNA and 40% protein |
| ribosomes | intracellular factories that manufacture proteins using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus |
| ribosomes | consists of two subunits that interlock as protein syntheses begins; subunits separate when protein syntheses is complete |
| free ribosomes | scattered throughout the cytoplasm; manufacture proteins that enter the cytosol |
| fixed ribosomes | attached to the ER; manufacture proteins that enter the lumen of the ER |
| Mitochondria | unique double membrane structure; outer membrance surrounds the entire organelle; inner membrane contains numerous folds "cristae" |
| cristae | increase the surface area that are exposed to the fluid contents- or matrix- of the mitochondrion |
| matrix | contains metabolic enzymes that perform the reactions that provide energy from the mitochondrion for cellular functions |
| mitochondria | produces 95% energy needed to keep the cell alive |
| mitochondria | control their own maintenance, growth, and reproduction; amount in cell dependent upon the cell's energy demands |
| muscles | requires high rates of energy consumption so more mitochondria; mitochondria reproduce; |
| nucleus | control center for cellular operations |
| nucleus | stores all the information needed to control the syntheses of approximately 100,000 different proteins |
| nucleus | controls what proteins are synthesized and in what amounts; determines the structural and functional characeristics of the cell |
| perinuclear space | space created by and between double cell membrane |
| nucleaplasm | fluid content of the nucleus |
| nuclear pores | complex of proteins that regulates movement of molecules in and out of nucleus- chemical communication |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane surrounds nucleus and separates from cytosol and connected to ER |
| cisternae | network of intracellular membranes that forms hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and rounded chambers |
| endoplasmic retinaculum functions | synthesis; storage; transport; detoxification |
| ER-synthesis | the membrane of the ER contains enzymes that manufacture carbohydrates and lipids |
| ER-Storage | the ER can hold synthesized molecules or substances absorbed from the cytosol without affecting other cellualr operations |
| ER-Transport | substances can travel from place to place within the cell inside the ER |
| ER-Detoxification | cellular toxins can be absorbed by the ER and neutralized by enzymes on its membrane |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | contains fized ribosomes which synthesize proteins using instructions provided by a strand of RNA |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | most of the proteins and glycoproteins produced by the ____ are packaged into small membrane sacs that form transport vesicles that are delivered to the Golgi apparatus |
| Smooth Endopasmic Reticulum | no ribosomes are associated or attached |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | serves functions related to the syntheses of lipids and carbs, the storage of calcium ions, and the removal of inactive toxins |
| Golgi Apparatus | consists of flattened membrane discs called cisternae |
| Golgi Apparatus | syntheses and packaging of secretions; packaging of special enzymes for use in the cytosol; renewal or modification of cell membrane |
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