Hole Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter One
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Created by:
waller821 on February 22, 2011
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Definitions from Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology - Ninth Edition.
This is a work in progress. Exporting to iReview app, when taking test, have to give answer exactly as written on flash cards, which causes difficulty with long definitions.
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110 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anatomy | structure |
| physiology | function |
| transverse/horizontal | plane that divides body into superior/upper & an inferior/lower sections |
| sagittal | lengthwise plane dividing the body into right & left sections |
| midsagittal/median | lengthwise plane passing along the midline dividing body into equal parts |
| oblique | a diagonal section |
| frontal/coronal | forehead, a plane dividing body into anterior/front and posterior/back regions, |
| superior/cranial | above or near the head |
| inferior | below or toward the feet |
| anterior/ventral | toward front |
| posterior/dorsal | toward back |
| medial | imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right & left halves; (body part medial if closer to this line than another part) |
| lateral/side | away from the midline, toward the side |
| intermediate | between a more lateral and more medial point |
| proximal | body part closer to part to point of attachment to trunk than another body part |
| distal | body part farther from point of attachment to trunk than to another body part |
| superficial | situated near the surface, i.e. skin is superfical to muscle |
| deep | further away from the surface, intenal |
| abdominal | region between thorax & pelvis |
| acromial | point of the shoulder |
| antecubital | space in front of elbow |
| axillary | armpit |
| brachial | upper arm |
| buccal | cheek area |
| carpal | wrist |
| cervical | neck |
| coxal | hip |
| crural | anterior lower leg; shin |
| digital | fingers |
| femoral | thigh |
| fibular | lateral part of thigh |
| inguinal | depressed area of abdominal wall near thigh, groin; area where thigh meets body trunk; |
| nasal | nose |
| oral | mouth |
| orbital | eye cavity |
| patellar | front of knee |
| pelvic | area inferior to the naval |
| sternal | breastbone area |
| tarsal | instep of foot |
| thoracic | chest |
| umbilical | naval |
| cephalic | posterior head |
| deltoid | posterior shoulder muscle |
| gluteal | buttocks |
| lumbar | lower back |
| occipital | lower posterior region of the head; base of skull |
| popliteal | area behind knee |
| sacral | posterior region between hips; tailbone |
| scapular | shoulder blade region |
| sural | calf |
| vertebral | spinal column |
| integumentary | system including hair, nails, skin and sweat glands. Provides protection from infections, dehydration, temperature change, regulates body temperature, maintains homeostasis, excretes waste, acts as receptor for pain, touch, pressure |
| skeletal | system including bones,ligaments, tendons, muscles & cartilage; provides framework, makes blood cells |
| muscular | system including muscles and tendons; they provide strength, balance, posture, movement and heat for body warmth |
| nervous | system including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs; control and response; |
| cardiovascular | system including the heart and blood vessels; transport |
| lymphatic | system including lymph nodes and vessels, speen, etc; immune response |
| respiratory | system including lungs, bronchi, and trachea; gas exchange |
| digestive | system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, and gall bladder; nutrients |
| urinary | system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder; remove nitrogen waste, water balance |
| reproductive system | produce offspring, organ system which functions in creating offspring (penis and testes in males, ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females) |
| necessary life functions | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth, 1. Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments 2. Movement (contractility) 3. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimuli 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism: All chemical reactions that occur in body cell 6. Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of organism |
| parietal serosa | the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls |
| visceral serosa | Serous membrane covers the external surface of organs within the body cavities |
| negative feedback mechanism | most feedback mechanisms in body are negative; decreases original stimulus variable; (blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose levels, breathing rate,) |
| positive feedback mechanism | usually produce unstable conditions, have specific functions & operates for short time (blood clotting, contractions in childbirth, controls milk production) |
| abdominopelvic regions | right to left by rows, top to bottom: right hypochondriac region, eigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region |
| survival needs | nutrients, oxygen, water, body temperature, atmospheric pressure |
| caudal | tail-end, inferior toward the feet |
| infra | below, under |
| visceral | organs within thoratic & abdominopelvic cavities |
| parietal | outer wall of the body cavity; also parietal bone of the skull forming sides & roof of cranium |
| cubital | elbow |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| genital | reproductive organs |
| lumbar | lower back between ribs and pelvis |
| mental | chin |
| otic | ear |
| palmar | palm of the hand |
| pectoral | chest |
| pedal | foot |
| perineal | region between anus & external reproductive organs |
| plantar | sole of foot |
| matter | is composed of atoms |
| append- | to hang something |
| cardi- | heart |
| cran- | helmet |
| dors- | back |
| homeo- | same |
| -logy | study of |
| meta | change |
| pariet- | wall |
| pelv- | basin |
| peri- | around |
| pleur- | rib |
| -stasis | standing still |
| -tomy | cutting |
| atom | chemicals consisting of microscopic particles |
| molecules | are fromed by atoms joined together |
| macromolecules | are small molecules combined in complex ways |
| cell | basic unit of structure and form sharing certain characteristics & contain organelles |
| organelles | part of a cell performing specialized functions; built of groups of large molecules (Macromolecules) |
| tissue | group of similar cells performing a specialized function |
| organs | groups of different tissues that interact & are complex structures with specialized function |
| organ systems | groups of organs that function closely together |
| organism | made up of organ systems |
| matter | is composed of atoms |
| atoms | join together to form atoms |
| Characteristics of life | 1. movement - changing body position or moving internal parts 2. responsiveness - sensing & reacting to internal & external changes 3. growth - increasing size without changing shape 4. reproduction - producing offspring 5. respiration - obtaining oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide & release energy from foods 6. digestion - breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed & used 7. absorption - pasage of substances through membranes & into body fluids 8. circulation - movement of substances in body fluids 9. assimilation - changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms 10. excretion - removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions |
| metabolism | all chemical reactons in cells that break down or build up substances |
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