Unit 10 & 11- Thinking and Intelligence
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people |
| prototypes | a mental image of the best example of a category -matching new items with old. this proves quick and easy method for including items in a category |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone use or heuristics |
| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
| insight | a sudden realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for info. that confirms one's preconceptions |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
| representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or math, particuluar prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant info |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be a more confident than correct-to over estimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; this can significantly affect decisions and judgement |
| belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, ,sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's intitial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| intelligence | metal quantity consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situation |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score |
| general intelligence | underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measure by every task on an intelligence test -by Spearman |
| savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental capability has an exception specific skill |
| emotional intelligence | the ablitiy to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| intelligence test | a method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores -by Stanford |
| Alfred Binet | person that said children develop at differenet speeds |
| mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. |
| Louis Terman | person that modified Binets test and made IQ test |
| Stanford-Binet | the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test |
| intelligence quotient (IQ) | ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100 |
| aptitude test | a test designed to predict a person's future performance |
| acheivement test | a test designed to assess what a person has learned |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | host widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance |
| standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group |
| normal curve | the symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of hpysical and psychological attributues. most scores fall near the average and fewer and fewer near the extremes |
| mental retardation | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 10 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound |
| down syndrome | a condition of retardation and associated phsycial disorders caused by an extra chromosome in ones genetic makeup |
| stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
| reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on 2 halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting |
| validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what its supposed to |
| content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
| criterion | the behavior that a test is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining wether the test has predictive validity |
| predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior |
| triarchic theory | theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including Analytic = the ability to solve problems, Creative = the ability to deal with new situations, and Practical = the ability to adjust and cope with one's environment |
| flynn effect | The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations |
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