| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Why is Parliament called Parliament? | Because in French as in Italian a form of Parli or (parlare in Italian) means to speak or to be heard meaning that Parliament existed so the people would be heard |
| Staple Food | the thing that fills you up, throughout history it has been mostly grains and starch |
| Pain | bread in French |
| Vin | wine in French |
| Bourgeoisie | French middle class or city-dweller |
| Berger | German city-dweller |
| Bergermister | German mayor |
| Ancien Regime | the old system |
| The Old System | things were bad for over 90% of French people, it was an absolute monarchy, nobility had wealth and land but no real power, small middle class composed of city dwellers (lawyers, doctors, and artists), France was in a state of bankruptcy, peasantry lived in extreme poverty |
| Gentry | French upper class |
| American Revolution was influenced by | the Enlightenment Thinkers |
| France in a state of bankruptcy because... | King Louis XVI (and wife Marie Antoinette) spent lavishly, Versailles, wars |
| "After me the flood" -____________ | Louis XV |
| "I am the state" -_______________ | Louis XIV |
| "Let them eat cake" -_____________ | Marie Antoinette meaning crumbs |
| Marie Antoinette spent a lot of government money to pretend to be a _________________ | Milk Maid |
| Change is in the air because... | of political events in England and America (the American Revolution), writings of the Enlightenment Thinkers, calls for change in France, Estates General |
| We won the American Revolution because... | the French helped us win |
| Estates General of 1789 | called in spring of this year because Necker pushed to get it together causing King Louis XVI to call it and it was the first time in 175 years, since 1614 |
| Last Estates General Meeting | 1614, the year after Henry was stabbed and his son (Louis XIV) came to power in 1613 |
| Estates General | First Estate (1% of the population made up of the clergy-church), Second Estate (2% of the population, composed of nobility), Third Estate (97% of the population, everyone else) |
| At the Estates General meeting of 1789, the Third Estate... | called for a constitutional monarchy which was influenced by England NOT America - there was a vote taken but the First and Second Estates voted together and the Third Estate's vote only counted as much as either the First or Second Estate even though they had more people so Third Estate ignored the outcome |
| Tennis Court Oath | Because of their want for radical reforms, the Third Estate was locked out of their meeting hall by the King so they reconvened at an indoor tennis court and made an oath not to disband until they got the change they wanted |
| Louis XVI fires Necker | public upset because now they know that he is not planning on using Necker's ideas |
| Necker | Louis XVI's finance minister who was fired for suggesting less spending |
| Riots break out in Paris because of Necker's firing | there are mob attacks including the storming of the Bastille |
| Storming of the Bastille | July 14, 1789 when mob and some of the king's soldiers attacked the Bastille which was a jail where the gun powder was kept the effect was the people getting left out, only 7 but the impact was great and all the guards got killed |
| Camille Desmoulins | man who got up and said "to arms" causing the storming of the Bastille for gunpowder |
| Bastille | a jail |
| 3rd estate reforms into the | National Assembly |
| Sans-Cullote | poor people - literally means without fancy pants |
| Radical Lawyers in the Jacobin Club | Danton, Robespierre, Desmoulins, St. Just |
| Jacobin Club Motto | liberty, equality, fraternity |
| John Locke's Natural Laws | life, liberty, property |
| Thomas Jefferson's Rights | life, liberty, pursuit of happiness |
| Fraternity in the Jacobin Club Motto said that | the Jacobin club was a mens club and there were no women |
| Jacobin Club declared France | a constitutional monarchy |
| Rights of Man | issued in August 1789 |
| Women of Paris marched to | Versailles to convince the king to return |
| Left Side | Radicals - Jacobins - Caused the term leftist |
| Right Side | conservative |
| Flight to Varenne | June 20-22 1791, Louis XVI and family fled to Belgium because Marie was from Austria and they were going to be with her emperor brother, a postmaster recognized them in Varenne and they were forced back, this plan would have succeeded but the children were sick and Marie Antoinette would not leave without them |
| Why is there no Louis XVII? | the children of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette died of mysterious circumstances in prison and the next Louis took the title Louis XVIII out of respect |
| Reign of Terror | 30,000 killed and mostly from the upper class, angry with clergy so they made them take oaths to France because they were against the revolution so some of the people killed were also of the church, it lasted 1 1/2 years, originally Danton but Robespierre put him to death when Danton accused Robespierre of being to radical and losing it and he lost it for good when he killed Danton, Robespierre also put Desmulins to death, Robespierre thought that Danton and his followers had relaxed methods of dealing with emergencies, time when few men tried to govern France, time of war and crisis, time that should be associated with poor people filling the court and cheering on people's executions, Austria, England, Russia invade so their people do not hear about what is happening in France because the royal houses are scared, they do not want their people hearing "liberty, equality, fraternity," Robespierre and Danton governed, financial problems worsen, thousands arrested and executed, members of Convention had Robespierre killed out of fear that he would turn against them, other members were hung |
| Committee of Public Safety | established to control other committees of convention, Jacobins under Robespierre set up trials and executions, Robespierre/Danton - committee supervisor, during the Reign of Terror was responsible of thousands of executions including Dantons |
| Revolutionary France | 1791-1799, National Assembly during a constitutional monarchy, the National Assembly was trying to work with the king but the Bourbons did not want to work with Parliament, radicals - Jacobins - left, conservatives - Girondins - right, Brissots under Girondins, radicals wanted a republic |
| Girondins | right, conservatives |
| Evolution | takes time, what the Girondins/conservatives/right siders wanted |
| Revolution | immediate, what the left side/Jacobins/radicals wanted |
| Words are dangerous | the kings and royal families of neighboring countries did not want their people hearing "liberty, equality, fraternity" and about the republic so they attacked |
| The Flight to Varenne gives | radicals supremacy because it shows the king's lack of faith, shows that he does not care, and it was a stalemate until this |
| Trial and Execution of the Monarchs | during the Reign of Terror, execution - payback |
| Robespierre killing Danton would be like | Jefferson killing Adams |
| When there was a republic | Robespierre made a new calander |
| Death of Robespierre brought in | a more conservative era |
| Who attacks France to end French Revolution? | England, Prussia, Austria-Hungary |
| Battle of Toulon | British took port of Toulon with navy, artillery captain (France) Napoleon Bonaparte re-takes Toulon causing Bonaparte to become a hero at a young age |
| Why was Bonaparte an enigma? | Famous Frenchmen- not French but Italian, he saved the French Revolution and then became emperor |
| Friends with Robespierre's brother - | caused Bonaparte to not be in the army at first |
| Josaphine cheated | he wrote a letter to her telling her how he felt betrayed but it was on a ship that the English took over so it was in all of the London newspapers causing Napoleon's embarrassment and eventually they divorced |
| Time when Napoleon was born | born in Corsica during th time that France bought where he was living, his father was originally against this but he later decided to send Napoleon to French military school, Napoleon did not hear French until age 8 |
| Napoleon's schooling | attended military school in France, he was unpopular yet brilliant, made fun of in school for his accent, his upper middle class but not not a noble or aristocracy, short "Little Corporal" |
| Napoleon's French | Napoleon did not hear French until age 8, made fun of for his accent, and in his diary as he was dying he said that he would never get the hang of the language |
| Italian Campaign | Napoleon trained and led a peasant army to victory in Italy against Austria-Hungary, 30,000 troops, successfully trained peasants, he did it with them (slept where they slept, ate what they ate, marched with them, etc.) winning the respect and confidence of his men, he won all of Northern Italy with his trained peasant army and stopped the threat to France by stopping army |
| Egyptian Campaign | Napoleon decides to take the Middle East to piss off England so he invades Egypt, he wins against the Turks on land, British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroys Bonaparte's fleet at Nile Delta leaving the troops stranded in the desert |
| Rosetta Stone | found during Napoleon's control in Egypt, showed good in Napoleon's rule in Egypt, now in a museum in London, Jean-Francis Champolion translated it making hieroglyphs readable, had Hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek |
| During the Revolution what were people encouraged to call each other? | citoyen |
| Citoyen | means citizen, makes people seem equal, got nobles angry but they could not do anything about it |
| In relation to Napoleon's age, Josephine was ______ | older |
| London newspapers are known for | gossip |
| Napoleon left his troops in | Egypt and returned to France |
| Coup d'etat | seize of government power through force |
| Napoleon became emperor by a | coup d'etat, seizing power with 2 cohorts whom he soon dropped as they were only there to make it seem like Napoleon was not power hungry, he did this because he thought government was not solid |
| Napoleon made himself emperor in | 1802 |
| Latin for I | Ego |
| Example of Napoleon's huge Ego | the Pope traveled from Rome to crown Napoleon emperor and while the Pope is reaching for the crown, Napoleon takes the crown and crowns himself |
| Who did Napoleon's reforms help? | The little people, lower class, because he did not like the upper class/aristocracy because they made fun of him as a kid |
| Code Napoleonic/Napoleonic Code | a law code that mainly addressed civil matters, reformed marriage/divorce, reformed ownership of land by ending feudalism and serfdom, reformed the army |
| Napoleon promoted based on... | skill rather than nobility - disliked nobles because he got made fun of as a child |
| Criminal Law | the type of law that someone gets tried for if they break a law |
| Civil Law | between people violating other's rights, suing |
| Napoleon put his brother Giuseppe on the throne of... | Spain and put other family members on other thrones |
| Wars of Expansion were mainly with | Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Prussia, and Russia |
| Ruling Family of Austria-Hungary | Hapsburg |
| Ruling Family of Prussia | Hohenzollen |
| Ruling Family of Rusia | Romanovs until 1919 |
| The Louisiana Purchase took place in the year ______ | 1803 |
| Louisiana Purchase | Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million, some say bad move but the truth is that Louisiana belonged to Spain but was given to France because Napoleon's brother was on Spain's throne, the money was for the war effort |
| Main Naval Power in Europe | Britain |
| Battle of Trafalgar | combined French and Spanish fleet was defeated by the British fleet led by Horatio Nelson in this naval battle, Nelson died during the battle and now there is a statue of him in Trafalgar Square |
| Battle of Austerlitz | battle that took place in the heart of Europe, Napoleon defeated a combined force of Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary making him the master of Europe, Napoleon has Pratzen Heights - higher ground, Napoleon faked a retreat and so old military leaders on the other side said do not fall for it but Alexander wanted to get him so they attack and Napoleon troops defeat them and the leaders are forced to surrender |
| 2 Major Battles of 1805 | Trafalgar and Austerlitz |
| St. Helena | windy, barren island of the coast of Africa |
| Continental System | good idea in theory, Napoleon wanted to economically attack Britain after realizing he could not defeat their navy so he wanted to block trade from England and the rest of Europe during the Industrial Revolution, 1806 to 1814, embargo, it failed because it hurt Europe more than England |
| Invasion of Russia | Russia did not follow the Continental System, somewhere between 500,000 and 600,000 troops (mostly French but also a combination of troops from other countries) invaded Russia, Russians retreated and the French followed them to Moscow, the French were poorly supplied and the Russians used scorched earth tactics, winter came and Napoleon tried to go home, he returned to France with less than 100,000 troops, leaving about 5/6 of his troops dead, his enemies rise up and make him surrender |
| Scorched Earth Policy | military tactic where people voluntarily burn land and run away to prevent attacking groups from being sustained of their supplies |
| Scorched Earth Policy in Russia | Russia used this tactic by being one step ahead of the English and having the Russians take all they could with them and fleeing then burning the land because they knew that the French troops were poorly supplied and would not be able to survive the dreaded winters therefore leaving the French cold and hungry, the Russians retreated East |
| Exile to Elba | following the Treated of Fontainebleau, Napoleon was exiled to Elba after a forced abduction, he was there 300 days before leaving, allowed to rule there |
| Elba was a bad place to exile Napoleon because... | it was right in between Corsica, his hometown, and Italy, which was ruled by his brother, and it was not far from France |
| Napoleon's captors did not just kill him because... | that would have made him a martyr |
| Hundred Days | Napoleon came back from his exile in Elba and made himself emperor again and had battles with the counties who had defeated him to prove his strength, but failed at the Battle of Waterloo so was again exiled |
| Grief can cause someone's hair to... | go from black to white overnight |
| Battle of Waterloo | Napoleon's last defeat causing his exile for good, 1815 |
| waterloo | the term waterloo now means final defeat |
| Why is the Battle of Waterloo ironic? | Napoleon was beaten partially by his own tactics |
| Exile to St. Helena | Napoleon was exiled to a barren island in the South Atlantic so he could not escape, he was miserable because he could not rule or fight, was depressed, wrote memoirs, died there, followed by an English officer at all times, his health was declining |
| Napoleon's Date of Death | May 5, 1821 |
| Considered a Possible Cause of Napoleon's Death | the enemies of Napoleon could have told his cooks at St. Helena to gradually poison him with arsenic, eventually leading to his death |
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