tissues and skin BIO 201
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82 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 epithelial membranes | serous membrane, mucous membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane |
| serous membranes | line body cavities that do not open to the outside, reduce friction, inner lining of thorax and abdomen, secrete serous fluid |
| cutaneous membranes | covers body, skin |
| primary tissue types | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue |
| epithelial tissue | cover organs and the body, line body cavities, line hollow organs, have a free surface, have a basement membrane, are avascular, cells readily divide, cells tightly packed, cells often have desmosomes, function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion, classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers |
| epithelial tissue | simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, transitional |
| simple squamous | single layer of flat cells,substances pass easily through,line air sacs,line blood vessels,line lymphatic vessels |
| simple cuboidal | single layer of cube-shaped cells,line kidney tubules,cover ovaries,line ducts of some glands |
| simple columnar | single layer of elongated cells,nuclei usually near the basement,membrane at same level,sometimes possess cilia,sometimes possess microvilli,often have goblet cells,line uterus, stomach, intestines |
| pseudostratified columnar | single layer of elongated cells,nuclei at two or more levels,appear striated,often have cilia,often have goblet cells,line respiratory passageways |
| stratified squamous | many cell layers,top cells are flat,can accumulate keratin,outer layer of skin,line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal |
| stratified cuboidal | 2-3 layers,tube-shaped cells,line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas |
| stratified columnar | top layer of elongated cells,cube-shaped cells in deeper layers,line part of male urethra and part of pharynx |
| transitional | many cell layers,cube-shaped and elongated cells,line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra |
| glandular epithelium | composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances |
| glandular secretions | merocrine glands,apocrine glands,holocrine glands |
| merocrine glands | fluid product,salivary glands,pancreas gland,sweat glands |
| apocrine glands | cellular product,portions of cells,mammary glands,ceruminous glands |
| holocrine glands | secretory products,whole cells,sebaceous glands |
| connective tissues | most abundant tissue type,have a matrix,have varying degrees of vascularity,have cells that usually divide |
| functions of connective tissues | bind structures,provide support and protection,serve as frameworks,fill spaces,store fat,produce blood cells,protect against infections,help repair tissue damage |
| connective tissue cells | fibroblasts,mast cells,macrophages |
| fibroblasts | fixed cell,most common cell,large, star-shaped,produce fibers |
| mast cells | fixed cell,release heparin,release histamine |
| macrophages | wandering cell, phagocytic, important in injury or infection |
| connective tissue fibers | collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers |
| collagenous fibers | thick, composed of collagen, great tensile strength, abundant in dense CT, hold structures together, tendons, ligaments |
| reticular fibers | very thin collagenous fibers, highly branched, form supportive networks |
| elastic fibers | bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin, fibers branch, elastic, vocal cords, air passages |
| connective tissue proper | loose connective tissue adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, dense connective tissue, elastic connective tissue |
| specialized connective tissue | cartilage, bone, blood |
| loose connective tissue | mainly fibroblasts, fluid to gel-like matrix, collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, bind skin to structures, beneath most epithelia, blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells, between muscles |
| adipose tissue | adipocytes, cushions, insulates, store fats, beneath skin, behind eyeballs, around kidneys and heart |
| reticular connective tissue | composed of reticular fibers, supports internal organ walls, walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs |
| dense connective tissue | packed collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, few fibroblasts, bind body parts together, tendons, ligaments, dermis, poor blood supply |
| elastic connective tissue | abundant in elastic fibers, some collagenous fibers, fibroblasts, attachments between bones, walls of large arteries, airways, heart |
| bone | solid matrix, supports, protects, forms blood cells, attachment for muscles, skeleton, osteocytes in lacunae |
| cartilage | rigid matrix, chondrocytes in chamber, poor blood supply |
| cartilage | hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage |
| hyaline cartilage | most abundant, ends of bones, nose,respiratory passage, embryonic skeleton |
| elastic cartilage | flexible, external ear, larynx |
| fibrocartilage | very tough, shock absorber, intervertebral discs, pads of knee and pelvic girdle |
| blood | fluid matrix called plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, transports, defends, involved in clotting, throughout body in blood vessels, heart |
| epithelial membranes | serous membranes, mucous membranes, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes |
| serous membranes | line body cavities that do not open to the outside, reduce friction, inner lining of thorax and abdomen, cover organs of thorax and abdomen, secrete serous fluid |
| mucous membranes | line tubes and organs that open to outside world, lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc, secrete mucus |
| cutaneous membranes | covers body, skin |
| synovial membranes | composed entirely of connective tissue, lines joints |
| muscle tissues | muscle cells also called muscle fibers, contractile |
| types of muscles | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
| skeletal muscle | attached to bones, striated, voluntary |
| smooth muscle | walls of organs, skin, walls of blood vessels, involuntary, non-striated |
| cardiac muscle | heart wall, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs |
| nervous tissue | found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, functional cells are neurons, neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components, sensory reception, conduction of nerve impulses |
| skin | composed of several tissue types, maintains homeostasis, protective covering, retards water loss, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, contains immune system cells, synthesizes chemicals, excretes small amounts of wastes |
| skin cells | help produce Vitamin D needed for normal bone and tooth development, some cells (keratinocytes) produce substances that simulate development of some white blood cells |
| layers of skin | epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer |
| subcutaneous layer | aka hypodermis, beneath dermis , some also call it the superficial fascia, some consider it not part of the skin |
| epidermis | lacks blood vessels, keratinized, thickest on palms and soles (0.8-1.4mm), melanocytes provide melanin, rests on basement membrane, stratified squamous epithelia |
| layers of epidermis | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
| dermis | on average 1.0-2.0mm thick, contains dermal papillae, binds epidermis to underlying tissues, irregular dense connective tissue, muscle cells, nerve cell processes, specialized sensory receptors, blood vessels, hair follicles, glands |
| hair follicles | epidermal cells, tube-like depression, extends into dermis, dead epidermal cells, melanin, arrector pili muscle |
| parts of hair follicle | hair root, hair shaft, hair papilla |
| nails | protective coverings |
| parts of nail | nail plate, nail bed, lunula |
| sebaceous glands | usually associated with hair follicles, holocrine glands, secrete sebum, absent on palms and soles |
| sweat glands | aka sudoriferous glands, widespread in skin, originates in deeper dermis or hypodermis, eccrine glands, apocrine glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands |
| hyperthermia | abnormally high body temperature |
| hypothermia | abnormally low body temperature |
| types of burns | first degree burn, second degree burn, third degree burn |
| first degree burn | superficial, partial-thickness |
| second degree burn | deep, partial-thickness |
| third degree burn | full-thickness, autograft, homograft, various skin substitutes |
| lifespan changes | skin becomes scaly, age spots appear, epidermis thins, dermis becomes reduced, loss of fat, wrinkling, sagging, sebaceous glands secrete less oil, melanin production slows, hair thins, number of hair follicles decreases, nail growth becomes impaired, sensory receptors decline, body temperature unable to be controlled, diminished ability to activate Vitamin D |
| simple squamous | line air sacs, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels |
| simple cuboidal | line kidney tubules, cover ovaries, line ducts of some glands |
| simple columnar | line uterus, stomach, intestines |
| pseudostratified columnar | line respiratory passageways |
| stratified squamous | line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal |
| stratified cuboidal | line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas |
| stratified columnar | line part of male urethra and part of pharynx |
| transitional | line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra |
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