Biopsych Ch. 5: Section 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5
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ooi_like_sushioo on February 23, 2011
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Stereotaxic surgery | first step in many biopsychological experiments; means by which experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain; two things required for this surgery is an atlas to provide directions and an instrument |
| Stereotaxic atlas | used to locate brain structures in much the same way that a geographic atlas is used to locate geographic landmarks |
| Bregma | the point on the top of the skull where two of the major sutures intersect (sutures = stitches) |
| Stereotaxic instrument | has two parts: head holder, which firmly holds each subject's brain in the prescribed position and orientation; electrode holder, which holds the device to be inserted; system of precision gears |
| Aspiration | type of lesion method; is frequently the method of choice; when a lesion is to be made in an area of cortical tissue that is accessible to the eyes and instruments of the surgeon |
| Cryogenic blockade | alternative to destructive lesions; coolant is pumped through an implanted cryoprobe; eliminates the contribution of a particular area of the brain to the ongoing behavior of the subject |
| Radio-frequency lesions | type of lesion method; small subcortical lesions are commonly made by passing radio-frequency current through the target tissue from the tip of a stereotaxically positioned electrode |
| Knife Cuts | sectioning (cutting); used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract |
| Cannula | small amount of drugs being administered in a fine, hollow tube |
| Neurotoxins | neural poisons |
| Autoradiography | coated with a photographic emulsion, stored in the dark for a few days, and then developed much like film; appear as black spots on the slides |
| Cerebral dialysis | extraction of fluids in the brain; method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals; similar to an amniocentysis or lumbar puncture (removal/extraction of fluids) |
| Immunocytochemistry | procedure for locating particular neuroproteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies; antibodies and immune reaction; technique for locating proteins |
| In situ hybridization | another technique for locating proteins; takes advantage of the fact that all peptides and proteins are transcribed from sequences of nucleotide bases on strands of messenger RNA, then there is a dye or radioactive element that is injected which exposes the labeled hybrid RNA strands |
| Gene knockout techniques | procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation |
| Gene replacement techniques | replace one gene with another; it is also possible to replace a gene with once that is identical except for the addition of a few bases that can act as a switch, turning the gene off or on in response to particular chemicals |
| Transgenic mice | another name for gene replacement but for mice; |
| Behavioral paradigm | single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon |
| Unilateral lesions | lesions restricted to one half of the brain |
| Bilateral lesions | lesions involving both sides of the brain |
| Bipolar electrode | two insulated wires wound tightly together and cut at the end |
| Intracellular recording | provides a moment by moment record of the graded flunctuations in one neuron's membrane potential |
| Extracellular recording | provides a record of the firing of a neuron but no information about the neuron's membrane potential |
| Multiple unit recording | the electrode tip is much larger than that of a microelectrode; is a graph of the total number of recorded action potentials per unit of time |
| Genetics | is a science that has made amazing progress in the last decade; gene knockout and gene replacement techniques are two of them |
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