Ch 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
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joviandudley on February 24, 2011
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115 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 macromolecules | large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms |
| polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks |
| monomers | building blocks of polymers |
| condensation reaction | when two monomers are combined covalently through the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule |
| dehydration reaction | when two monomers are combined covalently through the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule |
| enzymes | a protein acts as catalyst to speed up the dehydration or condensation reaction |
| hydrosis | a reaction that reverses the dehydration or condensation reaction by disassembling polymers to monomers |
| carbohydrates | sugars and polymers of sugars |
| monosaccharides formula | multiples of CHâ‚‚0 |
| serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules | What is the main purpose of a monosaccharides? |
| disaccharide | formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides |
| glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond associated with sugar |
| glycosidic bond | a covalent bond associated with sugar |
| polysaccharides | the polymers of sugars that have storage and structural roles |
| starch | storage polysaccharide in plants consists entirely of glucose monomers |
| glycogen | is a storage polysaccharides in animals that consists of glucose |
| celloulose | the principle component of the plant cell wall |
| alpha glucose | has helical sttructure |
| beta glucose | has a straight structure |
| chitin | a structuctural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of antropods |
| lipids | the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers |
| glycerol+fatty acids = ? | fats |
| fatty acid | carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton |
| triacylglycerol | Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| triglyceride | biology term used for triacylglycerol |
| saturated fatty acids | have the max number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds |
| unsaturated fatty acids | have on or more double bond |
| hydrogenation | the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen |
| trans fats | made when hydrogen is added to the fat molecules in vegetable oils |
| phospholipid | 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached by glycerol |
| steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| cholesterol | an important steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes |
| enzymes | macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process |
| polypetides | polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids |
| protein | consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape |
| amino acids | organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups |
| peptide bonds | links amino acids together |
| primary structure of a protein | sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure of a protein | coils and folds in the polypeptide chain |
| Primary structure is determined by inherited _____________ | genetic information |
| pleated sheet | The folded arrangement of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure. |
| tertiary structure | determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups) |
| Van der Waals interaction contribute in _________ proteins. | tertiary structure |
| van der Waals interaction | a weak electrical attraction between two hydrophobic side chains |
| disulfide bridges | Strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein's structure |
| quatermary structure | two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule |
| denatured protein | loss of a protein's native structure |
| chapernonins | protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
| gene | made of the nucleic acid DNA |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| ribonucliec acid | RNA |
| polynucleotides | Nucleic acids polymers linked together |
| nucleotides | polynucleotides made of monomers |
| pyrimidines | nitrogenous base with a single six-membered ring |
| purines | nitrogenous base with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring |
| deoxyribose | a five carbon sugar in DNA |
| ribose | a five carbon sugar in RNA |
| carbohydrates macromolecules | polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks |
| monosaccharides | single sugars |
| Lactose | milk sugar |
| glucose | storage polysaccharide in plants consists entirely of glucose monomers |
| Where is glucose mainly stored in Human and other vertebrates? | liver and muscle cells |
| helix | spiral shaped |
| hydrolyze | to break down |
| What are examples of alpha glucose? | starch and glycogen |
| What is an examples of beta glucose? | cellulose |
| microfibrils | the strong building materials of the plant cell wall formed by parallel cellulose molecules |
| insoluble fiber | cellulose in human food that passes through the digestive tract |
| what is the most common monosaccharide? | glucose |
| antropod | any invertebrate with joint legs |
| why are lipids hydrophobic? | because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which from non-polar covalent bonds |
| what are the most biologically important lipids? | fats, phospholipids, and steriods |
| what are some storage polysaccharides? | starch, glycogen, glucose and cellulose |
| glucose + galactose = ? | lactose |
| sucrose | common table suger |
| How man lbs of glycogen can the liver hold? | 2 to 3 lbs |
| glucose + glucose = ? | maltose |
| glucose + fructose= ? | sucrose |
| glycogen vs. starch | glycogen differs from strach because it has more branches |
| glycerol | a 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon |
| ester linkage | Linkage between fatty acid and a glycerol. |
| when are saturated fats are solid ? | at room temperature |
| when are unsaturated fats are liquid? | at room temperature |
| give an example of a saturated fat? | animal fats |
| give an example of a saturated fat? | plant and fish fats |
| What does hydrogenating vegetable oils create? | unsaturated fats with trans double bonds |
| Which fats contribute to cardiovascascular disease? | saturated and trans fats |
| Which fats contribute to cardiovascascular disease more ? | trans fats |
| What is the major function of fats? | to store energy |
| Where do humans and other mamals store their fat? | adipose cells |
| adipose tissue | cushions vital organs and insulates the body |
| Are phospholipids hydrophobic? | The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head |
| What happens when phospholipids are added to water? | they self assemble into a bilayer with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior |
| What is the major component of all cell membranes? | phospholipids |
| high levels of ______ the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease ? | cholesterol |
| catalyst | a substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected |
| A proteins consists of how many polypeptides? | one or more |
| peptide bonds | links amino acids together |
| Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of ______________. | amino acids |
| Interactions between R groups include __________ bonds. | hydrogen and ionic bonds |
| Interactions between R groups include __________interactions. | hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions |
| Collagen | a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope |
| Hemoglobin | a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains |
| Sickle Cell diesease | an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin |
| Ribosomes | where Protein synthesis occurs |
| Two types of Nucliec Acids: | DNA and RNA |
| Each nucleotide consists of a __________base, a ________ sugar and ___________ group | nitrogenous,pentose, and phosphate |
| nucleoside | The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group |
| nitrogenous base + sugar = | Nucleoside |
| The two families of nitrogenous bases: | Pyrimidines and Purines |
| An examples of Pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
| An examples of Purines | adenine and guanine |
| nucleoside + phosphate group | Nucleotide |
| plamsa membranes | cell membrane |
| Protein Enzymes | act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions |
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