Physical Science 9 weeks test
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Created by:
Josh_Mc_94 on February 26, 2011
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94 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 organic compounds | compounds that contain the element carbon. |
| hydrocarbon | compound made up of only carbon & hydrogen atoms. |
| saturated hydrocarbons | hydrocarbons containing only single-bonded carbon atoms. |
| unsaturated hydrocarbons | hydrocarbons, such as ethene & ethyne that contain at least 1 double or triple bond between carbon atoms. |
| Isomers | compounds that have identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures & shapes. |
| aromatic compound | compound that contains the lenzene ring structure. |
| substituted hydrocarbon | has 1 or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms of other elements. |
| alcohol | formed when OH groups replace 1 or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. |
| biomass | refers to all animals & plant materials, both dead & alive. |
| biogas | mainly methane, just like natural gas. |
| energy farming | growing plants for use as fuel. |
| gasohol | combination of ethanol & gasoline. |
| polymers | huge molecules made of many smaller organic molecules that have formed new bonds & linked together. |
| proteins | polymers formed from organic compounds called amino acids. |
| Nucleic acids | polymers that control the activities & reproduction of cells. |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds in which there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. |
| lipids | organic compounds made by fats, oils, & related compounds. |
| alloy | mixture of a metal & 1 or more other elements. |
| amalgam | an alloy that contains mercury. |
| ores | materials in Earth from which metals can be economically obtained. |
| ceramic | material made from dried clay or claylike mixtures. |
| glass | ceramic without regular crystal structure. |
| cermets | materials that have properties of both ceramics & alloys. |
| recycling | recovering & processing of waste materials to regain them for human use. |
| plastic | polymer-based material that can be easily molded into various shapes. |
| synthetic fiber | strand of a synthetic ploymer. |
| composite | mixture of 2 materials, 1 embedded in the other. |
| solute | substance being dissolved. |
| solvent | substance that dissolves the solute. |
| desalination | method that removes dissolved salts from ocean water to produce fresh water. |
| distillation | water's evaporated from a solution cooled, condensed, & collected as fresh water. |
| solubility | substance's expressed as the max # of grams of the substance that'll dissolve in 100g of solvent at a certain temp. |
| saturated solution | solution that has dissolved all solute it can hold at a given temp. |
| unsaturated solution | solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temp. |
| supersaturated solution | contains more solute than a saturated 1 has at that temp. |
| dissociation | as an ionic solid dissolves in water, the + & - ions are separated from 1 another. |
| ionization | when certain polar substances dissolve in water, the water pulls their molecules apart forming ions. |
| electrolyte | substance that separates into ions or forms ions in a water solution. |
| nonelectrolyte | substance whose water solutions are nonconducting. |
| chemical reaction | well-defined ex. of a chemical change. |
| reactants | substances that are about to react. |
| products | substances that are produced. |
| coefficients | represent the relative amounts of substances taking part in a reaction. |
| chlorofluorocarbons | group of compounds of chlorine, fluorine, & carbon. |
| balanced chemical equation | has the same # of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. |
| synthesis reaction | 2 or more substances combine to form another substance. |
| decomposition reaction | 1 substance breaks down or decomposes, into 2 or more simpler substances. |
| single displacement reaction | occurs when 1 element replaces another in a compound. |
| double displacement reaction | takes place if a precipitate, water, or a gas forms when 2 ionic compounds in solution are combined. |
| precipitate | an insoluble compound formed during this type of reaction. |
| endothermic reactions | energy must be provided for the reaction to take place. |
| exothermic reactions | some form of energy is given off by the reaction. |
| catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed. |
| inhibitor | substance that slows down a reaction. |
| waves | rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space. |
| medium | material through which a wave can transfer energy. |
| transverse wave | medium moves at right angles to the direction the wave travels. |
| crests | highest points of a wave. |
| troughs | lowest points of a wave. |
| wavelength | distance between a point om 1 wave & the identical point on the next wave. |
| amplitude | distance from the crest of a wave to the rest position of the medium. |
| frequency | # of wave crests that pass 1 place each second. |
| compressional wave | matter vibrates in the same direction as the wave. |
| pitch | highness or lowness of a sound. |
| intensity | sound wave depends on the amount of energy in each wave. |
| Loudness | human perception of sound intensity. |
| Noise pollution | includes sounds that are loud, annoying, or harmful to the ear. |
| music | specific pitches & sound quality & by following a regular pattern. |
| noise | has no set pattern & no definite pitch. |
| resonance | if the sound that reaches an object's at the same frequency as the natural frequency of the object, the object will begin to vibrate at this frequency. |
| quality | describes the differences among sounds of the same pitch & loudness. |
| interference | ability of 2 or more waves to combine & form a new wave. |
| reverberation | effect produced by many reflections of sound. |
| acoustics | study of sound. |
| radiation | transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. |
| electromagnetic spectrum | electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed but at different wavelengths & frequencies. |
| photons | tiny, massless bundles of radiation. |
| radio waves | electromagnetic radiation with very long wavelength & very low frequency. |
| modulation | process of varying radio waves. |
| mirowaves | radio waves of the highest frequency & energy. |
| infrared radiation | has a wavelength slightly longer than light, as you can see by its location on the electromagnetic spectrum. |
| visible radiation | only part of the electromagnetic spectrum you can see. |
| ultraviolet radiation | has a higher frequency than light, so its photons are more energetic & have greater penetrating power. |
| X rays | have a shorter wavelength & higher frequency than ultraviolet radiation. |
| Gamma rays | have the highest frequency & are the most penetrating of all the electromagnetic waves. |
| opague materials | absorb or reflect all light & you can't see objects through them. |
| transparent materials | allow light to pass through & you can clearly see objects through them. |
| translucent materials | allow light to pass through but you can't clearly see objects through them. |
| incandescent light | produced by heat. |
| fluorescent light | produces light without excessive loss of energy due to heat. |
| reflection | occurs when a wave strikes an object & bounces off. |
| refraction | bending of waves caused by a change in their speed. |
| diffraction | bending of waves around a barrier. |
| diffraction grating | a piece of glass or plastic made up of many parallel slits. |
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