Biology Ch 9
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Created by:
loverlylaur on October 18, 2008
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 fermentation | catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| cellular respiration | most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
| redox reaction | chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons form one reactant to another |
| oxidation | loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reduction | addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reducing agent | electron donor in a redox reaction |
| oxidizing agent | electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
| NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) | coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism |
| electron transport chain | sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| glycolysis | splitting of glucose into pyruvate; one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration |
| citric acid cycle | chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration |
| oxidative phosphorylation | production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediated substrate in catabolism |
| acetyl CoA | entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme |
| prosthetic group | nonprotein component essential for the catalytic functions of certain enyzymes |
| cytochrome | iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| ATP synthase | cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP; provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion |
| chemiosmosis | energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP |
| proton-motive force | potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis |
| aerobic | containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it |
| alcohol fermentation | conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol |
| lactic acid fermentation | conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide |
| facultative anaerobe | organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
| deamination | amino groups are removed (before amino acids can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle) |
| beta oxidation | metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
| rotor | spins when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient |
| stator | holds the knob stationary; anchored in the membrane |
| rod | spins and activates catalytic sites in the knob; extends into the knob |
| knob | three catalytic sites within this join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP |
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