Christianity
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Created by:
antiquebabs on February 27, 2011
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184 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Which of the 4 gospels were written last and why? | John- d/t concern about theological implications of Jesus life & death |
| When did Christians begin to render time as BC or AD? | 4 BC |
| What is the best guess of Jesus's birth year? | 4-6 BC (Because of calendar issues) |
| What group of Jews did Jesus parents belong to? | Amha-aretz |
| how many sibllings did Jesus have? | 6 |
| How old was Jesus when he was baptized? | 30 |
| What brought about the census in 6AD? | Quirinius, governor of Syria wanted to make a more thorough tax assessment to build a new temple - Jews Insurrected |
| Who was Judas the Galilean? | organized Zealot party with Zaddok against taxes/building of temple His father was killed 52 years earlier in insurrection |
| The largest party in Jewish Galilee were ____. | Pharisees |
| Who were the greatest teachers in the Pharisee academy in Jerusalem? | Shammai, Hillel |
| Why was John the Baptist beheaded? | he wanted the rich to share, limit taxes |
| Who were the 1st disciples to follow Jesus? | Simon, Andrew, James, John |
| Jesus's base ministry was where? | Capernaum |
| What happened at Jesus's first sabbath at synogogue at Capernaum? | Man posessed, cast out with one word "silence" |
| What 3 things made Jesus's teachings so compelling? | Urgent message, what to do now, parables easy to understand |
| What does apocalysm include? | immenent sudden end, punishment, vindication |
| What is eschatology? | beliefs about the end of the world |
| How did Jesus change the traditional Jewish view of apocolyptic hopes? | included others from around the world, not just kingdom of David |
| What was Jesus' favorite name for God? | Father |
| How did Jesus view humans? | not inherently evil |
| What did Jesus teach about love that was radical? | love enemies, turn the other cheek |
| Which 2 groups are most often written as being opposed to Jesus's views? | Pharisees, Sadducees |
| What was it about Jesus's teachings that most offended the Pharisees? | interpreted the law of prophets without respecting tradition |
| When was the 1s time anyone referred to Jesus as the Christ? | Peter- "you are the Christ" |
| What is meant by "reading back" of older texts on the life of Jesus? | Post resurrection add-on stories |
| What is ekklesia? | church- (greek word) |
| What happened in the court of Gentiles in the temple in Jerusalem? | Jesus overturned tables, selling doves and exchanging money |
| After last meal what happened to Jesus? | Went to the garden, sword to ear, taken away, pilate |
| What is the earliest existing account of Jesus' appearance after his resurrection? | 52 ad, Paul wrote about 500 at 1 time, James, apostles, then Paul |
| How many followers of Jesus left Galilee & gathered in Jerusalem? | 120 for prayer and council (to go into the world and preach) |
| What is the book of Acts about? | Early disciples actions, preachings |
| What occured on Pentacost? | Flames/tongues, Holy Spirit |
| How did Saducees and Pharisees respond to the teachings of Peter and John after Pentacost? | arrested them & told them not to speak of Jesus |
| Who was Gamaliel? | grandson of Hillel, a great rabbinical teacher |
| What were Gamaliel's arguments at the trial of Peter & John to the Sanhedrin? | If Jesus's following is of man, it will end, leave them alone. If it is from God, you won't be able to stop it. |
| What 2 things protected early followers of Jesus? | Everyone doubted that it would last since Jesus was dead They kept the old laws |
| What was the cause of tension between Jewish Christians and Hellenistic Christians. | Temple sacrifice vs. external acts |
| What conflict arose between Hellenist Christians and Palestinian Christians? How did Christians deal with this? | apostles were losing touch with greeks, hellenistic widows not getting enough food. Christians appointed 7 greek-named Christians to take charge of food distribution & accounting |
| Who was Stephen, what was his position? | Libertarian Christian leader, Greek-speaking, stoned by Jewish authories |
| What did Herod Agrippa do to please the Jewish leaders? | Imprisoned Peter |
| Who were Judaizers? Who was a famous Judaizer? | conservatives. James, the brother of Jesus was one. |
| What did Judaizers believe? | Christians should follow Moses law |
| What is another name for Judaizers? | Ebonites/Nazarenes |
| Who was the most significant liberal Jerusalem Christian? Why? | Peter- Holy spirit comes to all, Baptism for all Moses' law was too stressful |
| What was Peter's fate? | Rome, Martyr |
| What title was given to Paul and why? | 2nd founder of Christianity. He opened to gentiles |
| What was Paul's early faith and education? | non-palestinian Jew Stoic/cynic education- Greek mystics |
| What happened to Paul on the road to Damascus? | light from heaven "why do you persecute me?" |
| What does Freedom in Christ mean to Paul (or freedom of the Spirit) | not under the law |
| How did Paul settle the conflict he experienced with Judaizers over his ideas of freedom? | said he was an apostle to gentiles. OK, Just remember the needy in Jerusalem. OK. |
| What 3 ways was the title "Christ" used in the apostolic age? | 1. events where God made himself known 2. person at center of those events 3. community born from these events |
| What happened to Paul on his return to Jerusalem? | took collection for poor in Jeruselem, church was mobbed by Jews & they arrested him & he was held until his death |
| What did Paul do while imprisoned in Rome? | wrote his letters |
| Why was Paul executed? | He was troublesome |
| What 6 people helped spread Crhistianity before Paul? | Barnabas, Simeon, Lucius, Manaen, Apollos, & others |
| Where did Christianity have early success and why? | Synagogues in commercial centers Christians could make best appeal where Judaism is already known |
| Why did Romans become alarmed by Christians in the middle of 2nd century? | Romans don't like mystery, Christians were not OF the world, not patriotic towards Caesar |
| When did the 1st public executions of Christians take place and by whom? | Nero in 64 ad |
| What were 2 main services of worship practiced by early Christians? | Meetings modeled by synagogues Agape "love feast" for believers only (Greeks called it Eucharist/giving of thanks) |
| How did love feast/Agape change as Christianity grew? | Moved to Sundays |
| What events triggered writing and gathering in the Christian community? | Jesus didn't come back yet, 2nd generation Christians wanted a written account before they all died |
| What were the earliest Christian writings? | Paul's letters |
| What is the earliest of the 4 gospels and when was it written? | Mark, 65-7 ad |
| How is Logos used in John's gospel? | word or reason, purpose for Jesus |
| What does Mark focus on in Jesus's life? | birth, youth, baptism, ministry, feelings |
| What does Matthew & Luke focus on in Jesus's life? | basis of incarnation, Mary, messiahship, fullfulment of prophecy |
| Describe Epistles. | Advocation of Christ as heaven-descended, revealer of true nature of God, giver of new life. |
| What does John focus on in Jesus's life? | Son of God, Logos, pre-existence, accounts for his knowledge of God |
| What were apologia? | defenses of Christianity to Roman emperors & others of high rank |
| Who were 4 early apologists? Who was the best known? | Aristicles, Melito, Mincius Felix, Justin the Martyr (Justin was best known because he was a martyr) |
| What does "Catholic" mean? | universal nature of Christian church |
| What 2 contributions were made by ancient Catholic church? | system of doctrine ecclesiastical organization |
| What are 2 major schools of though that were later called heretical? | Gnostic Marcionite |
| What is Gnosticism? | Spirit world vs. matter (materialism) They believe Sophia (a fallen aeon like Satan) wrote Genesis & said the world is infected with evil, anything natural is evil |
| What is Docetism? | Rejection of Jesus as human |
| Name 5 beliefs of Gnostics that the early Christians could not accept. | God is not in control of universe Yaweh of OT is inferior being, OT is useless, Jesus was not born, suffer & die, no resurrection of flesh |
| Who was Marcion? | early Christian teacher |
| What were 3 parts of Marcion's canon? | Gospel, Apostle, antithesis (his own work) |
| What made Marcion's scripture unique? | 1st to edit & publish a new scripture |
| Who was Irenaeus? | 1st person to propose a program for dealing with heretical opinions sign=apostolicity- must agree with apostles since they had best knowledge |
| What baptism creed was dev. by the church at Rome between 150-175 AD | Apostles creed because it was sound doctrine. Expressed faith and avoid Gnostic & Marcionite doctrines |
| How did Emperor Decius continue the persecution of Christians? | decree that every Roman citizen must provide documentation that they sacrificed to emperors image or put to death |
| How did Diocletian escalate the persecution in 303 AD? | ordered to burn churches, scriptures, torture bishops & clergy until they sacrificed |
| Who succeeded Diocletian? | Constantine |
| How did Constantine come to acknowledge Christianity? | granted freedom of consciousness to Christians & saw a vision "n this sign, you shall conquer" Vowed to assist Christians |
| how did Constantine strengthen the Catholic church? | restored lost church property, didn't like heretics, wanted unity for Christendom, Sunday became legal holiday, built churches |
| What 3 patriarchs worked to clarify church doctrine during Constantine's time? | Clement, Origen, Tertullian, Cyprian (I know, there's 4) |
| Who was Arius and what did he believe? | A learned presbyter, asked if Christ was created, not eternal, only God was eternal= arianism |
| Who called a counsel to settle the matter of Arianism? | Constantine |
| Where was the council set by Constantine? | Nicea (325 AD) Creed of Nicea was like a revised apostles creed |
| Who's writings helped win over the Nicean council? | Athanasius |
| What was the view of Jesus in the west? | Jesus was divine & human |
| What was the view of Jesus in the east? | Jesus was only a man, Nestorius was chief spokesperson |
| What was the view of Jesus in Cyril Alexandria? | Jesus adopted man's qualities but was divine |
| What did the conflict in Alexandria and Antioch decide? | That humanity and divinity were one (Defined Jesus' nature) |
| What 4 churches came to being after the Alexadria and Antioch conflict? | Monophysites, Captic church, Jacobite, Nestorian |
| What acts of the Roman church lead to it's prominence in Rome? | framed Apostles creed, stated NT was canon, all others turned towards them as authority |
| What action did Pope Lelo I take to claim apolistic succession for the Bishop of Rome? | Clamed Peter was chief apostle "apolistic succession" |
| Whose teachings were the basis of 1st Christian monastics? | St. Paul |
| Who was the 1st well-known of the monastics? | St. Anthony |
| Who developed the idea of communal monastic life? | Pachonius |
| When did St. Benedict form his monastic order? | 6th century- |
| What were some of the benedictine monk requirements? | Work in fields or shops, serious reading, worship all day & part of night |
| What was an important treasure that Benedictine monks gave us? | Benedictine libraries |
| What is the Vulgate and who created it? | translation of OT and NT into latin St. Chrysostom |
| Who was the first pope who lived 590-604 AD? | Gregory the Great |
| What beliefs came about during Pope Gregory's term? | penance, purification of the soul after death, seek aid of Saints |
| When did St. Augustine live and where? | Bishop 354-430 N. Africa |
| Why was St. Augustine's autobiography "Confessions" considered a great landmark? | 1st to deal with childhood emotions (self analysis, master your passions) |
| Who was responsible for St. Augustine's conversion and baptism? | Ambrose |
| How did St. Augustine view God? | very near/close, God is only absolute good, God is available every moment |
| What is St. Agustine's view of the Trinity? | God is one in 3, all being equal |
| What is St. Augustine's view of a. human nature and b. salvation? | a. humans are depraved, original sin b. God chooses who he saves |
| Which British monk opposed St. Augustine's idea of original sin? | Pelagios- said we were innately good and we just had a bad example from Adam |
| What is St. Augustine's view of the church? | There is only 1 church, all others can't be saved, only the church performs the sacaiments |
| What did the Donatists believe? | sacraments performed by unworthy priests were ineffectual |
| What was St. Austustine's great treatise on his philosophy of history and the church? | A rebuttle against Roman Barbarian pilaging He believed there was a City of God, an earthly city that passes away (God's elect from every age) |
| Who was responsible for keeping Muslim invaders from taking France in 732? | Constantinople and Charles Martel (a Frankish chieftan) |
| What was the conflict between Emperor Leo III and Pope Gregory II? | Pope wanted reform despite Muslim peril, he also did not like idolotry, Romans do |
| What was the result of the conflict between Emporer Leo and Pope Gregory? | Pope wanted excommunication of those who don't like idols, Pope asked for Charles Martel's help- Charle's son invaded Italy and took Province |
| Who restored the property that the Vatican lost in 1870? | Mussolini in 1929 |
| What is Filoque? | "and from the son" Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father & the Son |
| Why was Filoque controversial between East and West? | The East thought that adding "and the son" took power away from God |
| What was the final straw between the East and the Western Christian church? | Excommunicated patriarch of Constantinople, the 2 churches split (are more like separated states, both kept Eastern tradition) |
| What place is called the "Third Rome"? | Moscow |
| Who was the ancient father of the Orthodox Church credited with systemizing the Eastern faith through creeds and other writings? | John of Damascus |
| Describe byzantine architecture of Eastern Orthodox churches | dome on rectangular or octagonal substructure, supported by 1/2 domes & buttresses, mosaics, icons on plaques |
| How did John of Damascus feel about idols? | liked them, felt they conveyed grace to believers |
| What came from the last General Council in 787? | honor the idols, but not true worship |
| What are the main differences between the East and Roman church until Vatican II | East- Icons are only symbols Romans- use images to bring divine beings closer to us East Mary was mother of Jesus Romans- Also compassionate to supplicants East- invoke the Holy Spirit Romans- transubstantiation |
| What was the" Donation of Constantine"? | a forgery of Constantine as granting popes not only spiritual supremacy but also temple dominion over Italy & West **was discredited in 15th century* |
| What is simony? | paying for appointment to high office |
| Which emperor had the first great conflict with Papal power under Gregory 7th? | Henry 4th disagreed that bishops should be appointed by pope Married bishops should give up their wives |
| What was the conflict between Pope Innocent 3 and Henry 2? | Election of Bishops to King Thomas Becket opposed and Henry killed him |
| What did Pope Innocent 3's contribution? | transubstantiation was kept, Good standing Catholics must participate in confession, absolution & communion |
| What does the word Cathedral mean? | Cathedra= throne (of a bishop) |
| What are 3 types of cathedrals? | Byzantine (domes) Romanesque ( semi-circular arches & vaults) Gothic (pointed arches & ribbed construction) |
| Why were cathedrals erected? | celebration of mass & rites |
| What part of mass was prohibited for a layperson until Vatican 2? | no blood at communion (only wafer) |
| Name 3 of the 1st universities started in cathedrals & monestaries and what were each known for? | Bologna- canon & civil law Salerno- Medicine Paris/Oxford- theology |
| Who was the greatest Catholic scholastic? | Thomas Aquinas |
| What was Thomas Aquinas's background? | noble family, was a dominican friar, taught at Cologne & Paris & Italy |
| What 2 great books did Thomas Aquinas write? | Summa Contra- Gentiles Summa Theologial |
| What did Thomas Aquinas believe the relationship between faith and reason was? | They compliment each other, you can reason God's existence, they need each other to exist |
| How did Aristotle and Aquinas agree about the human person? | Body & soul are separate but functionally necessary to each other |
| What did Aquinas believe to be the 2 parts of the sacraments? | Material element (bread, water, oil) Formal element (liturgical formulas) |
| What virtues did Aquinas believe that humans could not possess without God? | faith, love, hope |
| Who founded the Dominican order of monastics | Bernard of Clairvaux- they witnessed to Europe |
| Dominican monks were also called | Black friars- took poverty vows, begged for food |
| What is the elect head of each Domincan monastery called? | Master General they oversaw a prior or prioress |
| What was St. Francis of Assisi's background? | founder of Franciscans disinherited, illness lead to religious experience, loved nature |
| Who founded the 2nd order of Franciscans for women? | Clara |
| What are the 3 branches of Franciscans and how are they identified? | Friars Minor- dark brown tunics Capuchins- more rigorous, wore grey Conventuals- black tunics, less rigorous |
| Name 4 great mystics of the midieval catholic church | Hugo of St. Victor, Bonaventura, Meister Eckhart, Johann Tauler |
| What helped cause the decline in papal power in 1300's? | Empire of countries broke up into petty kingdoms, Phillip the fair called parliment together & pope didn't like not to be the head of things. Pope was found criminal & arrested. Kings then ruled over successive popes & limited their authority. |
| What is the" great schism"? | resulting damage to papal prestige |
| Who was Julian of Norwich ? | female mystic- saw visions (God's love, sin separates us from God) |
| Who was Catherine of Siena? | Female mystic- vision of marriage to Christ. Worked among black plague, guided papacy back to Rome. |
| Who was Teresa of Avila? | Female mystic- reformed Carmelite order |
| What effect did the Renaissance have on common people in the church? | began to question morals & manners of clergy & criticize established practices |
| What practices of clergy were most criticized by people of the church? | sale of indulgences, money fees for baptisms & other rites |
| Who translated the Latin Vilgate Bible? | Wyclif |
| What resulted from church councils called at the Constance & Basel in 15th century? | Needed reform of church, disposed of rival popes & left only 1 single pontiff in Rome |
| When did the Protestant reform begin? | 1500's It was a rise of middle class to self |
| What was Martin Luther's background? | German peasant parents, he was an Augustinian monk, worked hard to find God but still didn't find Him. He was a professor at Wittenberg. Had an epiphany to live by faith alone. Wrote protests & was attacked. |
| What is sola fide? | by faith alone |
| What did Martin Luther do on Halloween 1517? | wrote protests on castle church "the 95 theses" |
| What were Martin Luther's convictions? | don't need saints, ask God for forgiveness, personal relationship, true church is believers with Christ at head |
| What was Martin Luther's Diet at Worms? | sommoned to Diet because he was questioning authority of Catholic church. |
| What is Martin Luther's Sola Scriptura? | by scripture alone |
| Why was Martin Luther being hidden away at Wartburg Castle? | he was being hidden away by the prince He translated the bible into German while there |
| Why did people consider Luther too conservative in worship? | He still used candles, crucifix & organ |
| Once catholic monks and nuns left their monastaries, how were they used by the Lutherans? | as schools and universities |
| What was the "Peace at Augsburg" in 1555? | equal rights to Catholics and Lutherans |
| Who was responsible for the radical reformation in Switzerland? | Ulrich Zwingli "Jesus could not be omnipresent and called to communion alters all at once" |
| What changes did Ulrich Zwingli make? | Body was symbolic, ritual kept to minimum, sermaon was made the central element |
| How did Zwingli die? | in battle |
| Who wrote "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" and what what is about? | John Calvin- it defined the Protestant position Presbyterianism formed from writings |
| What were the 5 primary ideas outlined by John Calvin? | God is soveign, humans innately know God, human depravity corrupts the whole nature, God chooses who He saves, predestination |
| The French protestants were called? | Hugenots |
| How many wars were fought between Protestants and Catholics? What agreements came of them ultimately? | 5 Edicts of Nantes- gave complete liberty of concsciousness, full civil rights, control of 200 towns |
| Who revoked the Edicts of Nantes in 1685? | French King Louis 14th |
| Who reinstated the Edicts of Nantes in 1802? | French Napoleon |
| Who controlled the Netherlands and what was the response of the king to attempt reformation there? | Spain controlled Netherlands King Phillip 2 of Spain did not want reformation |
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