patho ch 5
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Created by:
brittanyysmart on October 18, 2008
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 2 types of genes | housekeeping & differentiating |
| housekeeping | normal everyday function |
| differentiating | specialize so cells can respond to different situations |
| cellular adaption (6) | atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia |
| atrophy | cells decrease in size to be more efficient, reversible, decrease in:workload, use, nutrients, blood flow, denervation |
| hypertrophy | cells increase in size because of increase in functioning, can be normal, abnormal, compensatory, adaptive |
| hyperplasia | increase in cell number, (in cells capable of mitotic division), hormonal, compensatory |
| metaplasia | an adult cells transforms into another adult cell of the same class, reversible |
| dysplasia | deranged cell growth that varies in size shape and organization, from a minor inflammation or irritation that can be reversible |
| neoplasia | if stressor is not removed, abnormal mass of proliferated cells |
| intracellular accumulation | build up of substance that cannot be used or disposed of; from excessive production, ineffective metabolism, exogenous substances |
| water accumulation | na/k pump is broken, water follows sodium into cell and cell puts it aside, cell grows, crowds tissues which crowd organs etc.. |
| hydropic degeneration | cells swell, tissues swell etc which cause a weight gain |
| lipid accumulation | metabolic disorder that causes fatty liver |
| hemoproteins | excess iron levels which causes jaundice |
| ictorus | jaundice |
| ictorus neonatum | jaundice in newborn |
| uric acid accumulation | high levels of uric acid in blood stream |
| gout | when uric acid combines with sodium it forms sodium urate and is deposited away from the core in extremities |
| tophus | soidum urate deposited subcutaneously |
| nephritis | inflammaiton of kidney |
| long term storage | tries to digest which creates the problem of having an excess of metabollites so then there is all the phagocytic cells that try and clean up but then crowd other cells which crowd tissues |
| cell injury | when cell cannot adapt anymore because stressor is too big or too long |
| 5 causes of cell injury | biologic, chemical, physical, radiation, nutritional deficiencies |
| physical cause | mechanical (trauma), electrical (disrupts normal functions), extreme temps (hyper/hypothermia), unintentional |
| chemical cause | exogenous or inogenous toxins, poison that damages plasma membrane |
| biologic cause | bacteria, virus, parasite; depend on ability to invade and damage |
| radiation cause | ionizing above UV range, form free radicals |
| free radicals | interact with cell components and form unwanted cell reactions and chain reactions |
| nonionizing | below uv range, less dangerous like ultrasounds |
| uv light | chemical damage |
| nutritional deficiencies causes | primary-lack of nutrients secondary-body unable to absorb nutrients |
| sublethal | reversible |
| lethal | irreverisble |
| mechanism of cell injury | free radical, calcium, hypoxia |
| free radical cell injury | highly reactive, only neutralized by antioxidants such as vitamin c and e |
| calcium | levels greatly monitored; excess calcium-tries to excrete but cannot so deposits in tissue such as the aortic vavle, kidey stones; also defects membrane |
| hypoxia | lack of oxygen |
| ischemia | reduced blood supply |
| hypoxia happens by | arterial sclerosis which is the narrowing of arteries; blockage.. moving blood clot, piece breaks off and blocks |
| thrombosis | blood clot |
| anoxia | no oxygen |
| infarction | death of cardiac cells irreverisble |
| progressive hypoxia | gradual arterial narrowing |
| signs of cell injury | pain, fatigue, malaise, fever, increased WBC and HR |
| 3 things can happen at cell injury | reversible damage, apoptosis, necrosis |
| reversible damage | swelling when na/k pump is broken from hypoxia; fatty change when there is accumulation of fat in cytoplasm |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death when cell is worn out, excess, improperly formed, damaged; shrinks and breaks apart |
| necrosis | swells and bursts, widespread cell death |
| coagulative necrosis | hypoxic injury, shape, texutre color changes into lumpy |
| liquefactive necrosis | cells become bags of liquid |
| caseous necrosis | combination of coagulation and liquefactive |
| fatty necrosis | release of fatty acids and lipase that forms soaps, a chalky white substance |
| gangrene | widespread coagulative thing that affects extremities and organs |
| dry gangrene | minimal bacteria that spreads slowly, dries, shrinks and blackens |
| wet gangrene | coagulative, moist black skin under tension, has pus and odor and can affect internal organs |
| gaseous gangrene | severe trauma, can be fatal as it breaks apart RBCs and spreadsfast |
| treatment of gangrene | antibiotics, surgical removal, amputation |
| signs of growing old | reduced muscle, elasticity of blood vessels, bowel motility, subcutaneous fat |
| hypothesis of growing old | wear and tear, cross linked, immunologic |
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