genetics
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| allele | one of a number of different forms of a gene |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| homologous pairs | Similarly constructed chromosomes that have the same shape and contain genes for the same traits |
| cell cycle | the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| prophase | first phase of mitosis in which chromosomes become visible and nuclear membraine disappears |
| metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
| telophase | the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| asexual reproduction | a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent |
| binary fisson | a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form 2 idenical cells |
| budding | asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism |
| regeneration | (biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs |
| haploid | (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes |
| diploid | (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number |
| probability | the mathematical chance that an event will occur |
| sexual reporduction | two parents each form reproductive cells that have one half the number of chromosomes |
| heredity | the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next |
| phenotype | what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present |
| recessive | trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene |
| Punnett Square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| ratio | a comparison of two quantities by division |
| percentage | a proportion multiplied by 100 |
| gamete | a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| egg | female gamete |
| sperm | male gamete |
| fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
| heterozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait |
| hybrid | offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| purebred | an organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent |
| double helix | the shape of DNA |
| chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| meiosis | a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells |
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