Chapter 4, 8th Edition A&P
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gavenegas on February 28, 2011
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Chapter 4 of Human Anatomy & Physiology, eighth edition isbn ISBN: 0-8053-9591-1
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Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th Edition
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104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Absorption | Process by which the products of digestion pass through the alimentary tube mucosa into the blood or lymph. |
| Adipocyte | An adipose, or fat, cell. |
| Adipose Tissue | Areolar connective tissue modified to store nutrients; a connective tissue consisting chiefly of fat cells. |
| Alveolar (Acinar) Gland | A gland whose secretory cells form small, flasklike sacs. |
| Aponeurosis | Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves. |
| Apocrine Sweat Gland | The less numerous type of sweat gland; produces a secretion containing water, salts, proteins, and fatty acids. |
| Areolar Connective Tissue | A type of loose connective tissue. |
| Articular Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints. |
| Axon | Neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process; the conducting portion of a nerve cell. |
| Basal Lamina | Noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet consisting largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells. |
| Basal Surface | The surface near the base or interior of a structure; nearest the lower side or bottom of a structure. |
| Basement Membrane | Extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells. |
| Basophil | White blood cell whose granules stain purplish-black and nucleus purple with basic dye. |
| Benign | Not malignant. |
| Bone (Osseous Tissue) | A connective tissue that forms the bony skeleton. |
| Capillaries | The smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells. |
| Carcinogen | Cancer-causing agent. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Specialized muscle of the heart. |
| Cartilage | White, semiopaque connective tissue. |
| Central (Haversian) Canal | The canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the osteocytes. |
| Chondroblast | Actively mitotic cell of cartilage. |
| Cilia | Tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner. |
| Collagen FIber | The most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue. |
| Connective Tissue | A primary tissue; form and function vary extensively. Functions include support, storage, and protection. |
| Cutaneous | Pertaining to the skin. |
| Cytoplasm | The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane. |
| Dendrite | Branching neuron process that serves as a receptive, or input, region; transmits an electrical signal toward the cell body. |
| Dermis | Layer of skin deep to the epidermis; composed mostly of dense irregular connective tissue. |
| Duct | A canal or passageway; a tubular structure that provides an exit for the secretions of a gland, or for conducting any fluid. |
| Ectoderm | Embryonic germ layer; forms the epidermis of the skin and its derivatives, and nervous tissues. |
| Edema | Abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid; causes swelling. |
| Elastic Cartilage | Cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage. |
| Elastic Fiber | Fiber formed from the protein elastin, which gives a rubbery and resilient quality to the matrix of connective tissue. |
| Endocrine Glands | Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood. |
| Endoderm | Embryonic germ layer; forms the lining of the digestive tube and its associated structures. |
| Endothelium | Single layer of simple squamous cells that line the walls of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. |
| Eosinophil | Granular white blood cell whose granules readily take up an acid stain called eosin. |
| Epiphyseal Plate | Plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone. |
| Epithelium (Epithelial Tissue) | Pertaining to a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands. |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells. |
| Excretion | Elimination of waste products from the body. |
| Exocrine Glands | Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site. |
| Fascia | Layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscle. |
| Fiber | A slender threadlike structure or filament. See also Nerve fiber, Muscle fiber. |
| Fibrocartilage | The most compressible type of cartilage; resistant to stretch. Forms vertebral discs and knee joint cartilages. |
| Fibrosis | Proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue. |
| Gastrin | Hormone secreted in the stomach; regulates gastric juice secretion by stimulating HCl production. |
| Gland | Organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination. |
| Goblet Cells | Individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus. |
| Histamine | A chemical messenger (neurotransmitter or paracrine); causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability; in stomach causes acid secretion. |
| Histology | Branch of anatomy dealing with the microscopic structure of tissues. |
| Holocrine Glands | Glands that accumulate their secretions within their cells; secretions are discharged only upon rupture and death of the cell. |
| Hyaline Cartilage | The most abundant cartilage type in the body; provides firm support with some pliability. |
| Innervation | Supply of nerves to a body part. |
| Intercalated Discs | Specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes. |
| Involuntary Muscle | Muscle that cannot ordinarily be controlled voluntarily (e.g., smooth and cardiac muscle). |
| Lacuna | A small space, cavity, or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells. |
| Lamella | A layer, such as of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone. |
| Lamina | (1) A thin layer or flat plate; (2) the portion of a vertebra between the transverse process and the spinous process. |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses. |
| Ligament | Band of regular fibrous tissue that connects bones. |
| Lymphocyte | Agranular white blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body. |
| Malignant | Life threatening; pertains to neoplasms that spread and lead to death, such as cancer. |
| Mammary Glands | Milk-producing glands of the breast. |
| Mast Cells | Immune cells that function to detect foreign substances in the tissue spaces and initiate local inflammatory responses against them; typically found clustered deep to an epithelium or along blood vessels. |
| Merocrine Glands | Glands that produce secretions intermittently; secretions do not accumulate in the gland. |
| Mesenchyme | Common embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues arise. |
| Mesoderm | Primary germ layer that forms the skeleton and muscles of the body. |
| Mesothelium | The epithelium found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs. |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancer from one body part or organ into another not directly connected to it. |
| Monocyte | Large single-nucleus white blood cell; agranular leukocyte. |
| Mucous Membranes | (Mucosae) Membranes that form the linings of body cavities open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts). |
| Muscle Fiber | A muscle cell. |
| Myofilament | Filament that constitutes myofibrils. Of two types: actin and myosin. |
| Neoplasm | An abnormal mass of proliferating cells. Benign neoplasms remain localized; malignant neoplasms are cancers, which can spread to other organs. |
| Neuron | (Nerve Cell) Cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals (action potentials and graded potentials). |
| Neutrophil | Most abundant type of white blood cell. |
| Osteoblasts | Bone-forming cells. |
| Osteoclasts | Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix. |
| Osteocyte | Mature bone cell. |
| Peptide Bond | Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule. |
| Pericardium | Double-layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer; has fibrous and serous layers. |
| Perichondrium | Fibrous, connective-tissue membrane covering the external surface of cartilaginous structures. |
| Peritoneum | Serous membrane lining the interior of the abdominal cavity and covering the surfaces of abdominal organs. |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells. |
| Plasma | The nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated. |
| Platelet | Cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting. |
| Pleural Cavity | A potential space between the two layers of pleura; contains a thin film of serous fluid. |
| Polysaccharide | Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen. |
| Pus | Fluid product of inflammation composed of white blood cells, the debris of dead cells, and a thin fluid. |
| Regeneration | Replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue. |
| Reticular Connective Tissue | Connective tissue with a fine network of reticular fibers that form the internal supporting framework of lymphoid organs. |
| Reticular Lamina | A layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers; together with the basal lamina it is a major component of the basement membrane. |
| Sebaceous Glands | (Oil Glands) Epidermal glands that produce an oily secretion called sebum. |
| Secretion | (1) The passage of material formed by a cell to its exterior; (2) cell product that is transported to the exterior of a cell. |
| Sensory Receptor | Dendritic end organs, or parts of other cell types, specialized to respond to a stimulus. |
| Serosa | (Serous Membrane) The moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; voluntary muscle. |
| Smooth Muscle | Spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations (bands). Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs. |
| Steroids | Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen. |
| Stroma | The basic internal structural framework of an organ. |
| Tendon | Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone. |
| Tubular Secretion | The movement of substances (such as drugs, urea, excess ions) from blood into filtrate. |
| Vascular | Pertaining to blood vessels or richly supplied with blood vessels. |
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