American Pageant 18-22
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stephaniexoelise on March 2, 2011
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14th Edition 18-22
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131 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 popular sovereignty | people hold the final authority in all matters of government |
| Free Soil Party | Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. |
| California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco. |
| Underground Railroad | abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves |
| Seventh of March Speech | this speech turned the North to compromise on the issue of slavery |
| Compromise of 1850 | Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War |
| Fugitive Slave Law | law that said you had to return runaway slaves to their owners tension btwn N & S~north opposed slavery and they refused to enforce the law, especially abolitionists |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881 |
| Ostend Manifesto | a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. |
| Opium War | A conflict between Britain and China in the mid-1800s over trade in China. |
| Treaty of Wanghia | Cushing's treaty which balanced the British influence in China |
| Treaty of Kanagawa | 1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships |
| Gasden Purchase | this agreement stated that the U.S. government had to pay Mexico $10,000,000 and Mexico had to give the U.S. southern parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. |
| Lewis Case | x |
| Zachary Taylor | 12th President of the United States |
| Harriet Tubman | United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) |
| Millard Fillmore | elected Vice President and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874) |
| Franklin Pierce | 14th President of the United States (1804-1869) |
| William Walker | declared himself the president of Nicaragua and legalized slavery |
| Caleb Cushing | US ambassador to China in 1840. US congressman from Massachusetts. |
| Matthew C. Perry | took naval expedition to japan to negotiate a trade treaty |
| Uncle Toms Cabin | written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. |
| The impending crisis of the south | trouble-brewing book written in 1857 by Hinton R. Helper, attempting to prove that slavery hurt non-slaveholding whites the most |
| New England Emigrant Aid Company | anti slavery organization that sent thousands to Kansas to forestall Southern interests there |
| Lecompton Constitution | Pro-slave constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election |
| Bleeding Kansas | Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory |
| Dred Scott v. Stanford | an 1856 Supreme Court case in which a slave; Dred Scott, sued unsuccessfully for his freedom because he had been taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal |
| panic of 1857 | Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads |
| tariff of 1857 | lowered duties to about 20% |
| Lincoln Douglas Debates | 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate |
| Freeport Question | Idea that any territory coudl ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supportin it |
| Freeport Docterine | police could enforce voters decisions if they contradicted with the Supreme Courts decisions in the Dred Scott case |
| Harpers Ferry | John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged |
| Constitutional Union Party | a former political party in the United States |
| Confederate States of America | the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 |
| Crittenden Ammendments | Compromise proposed by crittenden. It would protect slavery under the missouri compromiseline and leave the rest to popular sovreignty. Shut down by lincoln.1861 |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Henry Ward Beecher | This New York minister sent Beecher's Bibles - boxes of guns with bibles packed around them so you couldn't see the guns - to Kansas. His sister's name was Harriet. |
| James Buchanan | 15th President of the United States (1791-1868) |
| Charles Sumner | Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks |
| Preston S.Brooks | South Carolina Congressman who beat up Charles Sumner for his speech. |
| Dred Scott | United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state |
| Roger B. Taney | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made |
| Stephen A. Douglas | Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) |
| John Brown | abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) |
| John C. Brekinridge | Southern Democrat Candidate 1860 |
| John Jordan Crittenden | Seantor from Kentucky whose teo sons split the family. One fought for the union and the other for the confederacy |
| Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War |
| Border States | States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. |
| West Virgina | Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the union. Most of the residents of west virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the confederate cause. |
| Trent Affair | Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats. |
| Alabama | British built Confederate commerce raider responsible for capturing over 60 vessels |
| Laird Rams | Two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British for British use to remain neutral in the Civil War. |
| Dominion of Canada | the loose confederation of Ontario(upper Canada), Quebec(lower Canada), Nove Scotia, and New Brunswich, created by teh british North America Act in 1867 |
| Writ of Habeas corpus | A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody. |
| New York Draft Riots | Anti-conscription violence that protested the unfair $300 draft evasion fee that made poor people have to fight the war |
| Morrill Tariff Act | 1861 law that increased tariffs duties to 10% |
| greenbacks | Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural) |
| National Banking System | (AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North) |
| Homestead Act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. |
| U.S Sanitary Commision | provided nurses and equipment during war. medical and sanitation advice |
| Charles Francis Adams | convinced England to stop making ships for the south during the civil war |
| Napolean III | the first President of the French Republic from 10 December 1848 to 2 December 1851, then again from 2 December 1851 to 2 December 1852. He became the second Emperor of the French |
| Maximilian | French viceroy who takes over Mexico during Civil War due to fact that America cannot enforce monroe doctrine |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America |
| Elizabeth Blackwell | First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S. |
| Clara Barton | Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross |
| Sally Tomkins | (1833-1916) Established an infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers in Richmond, VA. When Confederate hospitals were brought under military control, J. Davis commissioned her as an officer witht the rank of captain, making her the first female military officer in American History |
| Battle of Bull Run | 1st major battle, proved war was going to be long and costly |
| Peninsula Campaign | Botched Union attempt to capture the capital Richmond by circumventing the Confederate army by sea. |
| Merrimack | Abandoned Union warship salvaged by the Confederacy. Enforced with iron plates to become an ironclad ship. Renamed "Virginia" |
| Monitor | an iron-clad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimac |
| Second Battle of Bull Run | Culmination of offensive campaign by Robert E. Lee, overwhelming victory although Union army weathers it well |
| Battle of Antitam | North Victory of the Civil War |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free |
| Thirteenth Ammendment | Abolished Slavery |
| Battle of Fredricksburg | an 1862 Civil War battle in Virginia; one of the Union's worst defeats |
| Battle of Gettysburg | a battle of the American Civil War (1863) |
| Gettysburg Address | a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg |
| Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson | Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee. |
| Battle of Shiloh | the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862) |
| Seige of Vicksburg | July 4, 1863; Pemberton surrenders after Grant blockaded the city and fought for about six weeks |
| Sherman's March | General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive. He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia. |
| Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War | A committee in Congress created in late 1861 that was comprised mainly of radical Republicans who pressed Lincoln for emancipation |
| Copperheads | a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War |
| The Man without a Country | Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldiers journeys in exile. Book was widely read in the North, greater devotation to the union. |
| Union Party | included all of the Republicans and the war Democrats. It excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats. It was formed out of fear of the republican party losing control. It was responsible for nominating Lincoln. |
| Wilderness Campaign | American Civil War |
| Appomattox Courthouse | the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War |
| Reform Bill of 1867 | extension of vote to all middle-class males and best-paid workers |
| Stonewall Jackson | general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863) |
| George McClellan | union general, 1st commander, overly cautious, fired by Lincoln |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force |
| John Pope | Union general with brief but successful career in the Western Theater, but he is best known for his defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the East. |
| A.E Burnside | more than 10,000 Northern soldiers were killed when this man, McClellan's successor as commander of the Army of the Potomac, decided on the frontal attack on Lee's Virginia army on December 13, 1862. |
| Joseph Hooker | United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879) |
| George G Meade | Union leader, led the Battle of Gettysburg |
| George Pickett | Confederate general who led Pickett's charge at Gettysburg |
| Ulysses S Grant | Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West |
| Salmon Chase | was the sixth chief justice of the Supreme Court and an abolitionist. presided over the trial of President Andrew Johnson |
| Clement L Vallandigham | Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy |
| John Wilkes Booth | United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865) |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War |
| 10% Reconstruction Plan | decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US and pledged to abide by emancipation |
| Wade Davis Bill | bill passed by congress and vetoed by president lincoln that would have given congress control of reconstruction |
| Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves |
| Pacific Railroad Act | Called for the building of the Transcontinental Railroad to stretch across America connecting California and the rest of America. |
| Civil Rights Bill | vetoed by Johnson, but passed over his veto, it conferred citizenship on Blacks, leading to the 14th Amendment |
| Fourteenth Ammendment | constitutional ammendment ratified in 1868 to guarantee citizens equal protection under the law |
| Reconstruction Act | it divided the South into five military districts |
| 15th Ammendment | gave blacks the right to vote |
| Ex parte Milligan | was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled suspension of Habeas Corpus by President Abraham Lincoln as constitutional |
| Redeemers | white Democrats who used their political power to oppress the Black community |
| Woman's Loyal League | gathered signatures for a petition to remove slavery |
| Union League | a pro Union organization based in the North and was assisted by northern blacks; this political network educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates; they built black churches and schools and fought to protect black communities from white retaliation |
| scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners |
| carpetbaggers | northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction |
| Ku Klux Klan | a secret society of white Southerners in the United States |
| Force Acts | the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws. |
| Tenure of Office Act | 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet |
| Seward's Folly | many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly. |
| Oliver O. Howard | Union general who headed the Freedmen's Bureau |
| Andrew Johnson | 17th President of the United States |
| Thaddeus Stevens | Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican |
| Hiram Revels | first African American senator |
| Edwin M. Stanton | Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment. |
| Benjamin Wade | radical republican and a senator of OH wanted to abolish slavery completely, was the chair of the committee on the conduct of the war |
| William Seward | Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. |
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