| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Hundreds of tropical plants species, inclduding the durian tree, depend on bats, called Flying Foxes for | pollination and seed dispersal as they feed on nectar and durian fruit |
| what two words describe the interaction of Flying Foxes and the Durian trees | coevolution and mutualism |
| What puts the flying fox on the endangered species list? | deforestation(habitat destruction), hunting(for meat), and killing as pest(grown for profit fruits) |
| Flying Foxes are considered as ___________species/why | keystone/pollinate 100 |
| Flying foxes are economically important for products, like | durian fruit,medicine, timber(fuel),fibers, dyes |
| niche | the role an organism plays in nature(what does it do?)for ex.- pollinator, prey, predator...and its way of life for ex.-range of tolerance, resources it uses and how, interaction with living and non-living parts of an ecosystem,place it takes in energy pyramid, and how does it recycle matter |
| what does the structure of community involve | physical appearance, species dyversity, species abundance, niche structure |
| what does physical appearance of the community structure refer to | size and distribution of species |
| what does species diversity of the community structure refer to | number of different species |
| what does species abundance of the community structure refer to | number of individuals of each species |
| what does niche structure of the community structure refer to | the number of species' interactions(foodwebs, symbiosis relationships,...) |
| What four ecosystems are known for most biodiversity | tropical rain forest, coral reefs, deep sea, large tropical lake |
| native species syn./definition/exs | indigenous species("belongs here")/species that normally live and thrive in an ecosystem/racoon |
| non-native species syns./definition/exs | aliens,exotics/Non-native species that migrate into an area or are(accidentally) inroduced to an area by humans/fire ants, African Bees |
| do non-native usually speciesresult in benefits or otherwise? | non-native species most of the time are not beneficial because there's no natural control over them |
| why can alien species thrive in ecosystems? | no natural predators, little competition, wide range of tolerance, similar climate, agressiveness |
| African bee/non-native specie story | 1957-Agricultural ministry of Brazil wants to increase honey production; coming to Africa and discovering the African Bees, decide to take the bees with them into Brazil; introduced bees(aggressive, highly competetive) start killing Brazilian bees; honey production drops; African bees spread northward as far as USA( Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona) |
| Indicator species/exs. | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged/birds(excellent indicators because wide-spread and respond quick to changes in environment),amphibians, lichen |
| keystone species/exs. | Species that play important roles affectong many other species in an ecosystem(bats-pollination,elephants-water holes, forest openings, dung beetles-bury dung-organic material) |
| does biodiversity increase or decrease as you move away from the equator | decrease |
| by nature organisms don't want to fight because | it takes a lot of energy and involves getting hurt |
| interspecific competition/ex | competition among species for food, space, or any othe unlimited source/dandelions compete for space and soil nutrients by flying seeds |
| the meaning of prefix "inter" in science | between DIFFERENT species |
| the meaning of prefix "intra" in science | within SAME species |
| What happens when fundamental niches of two species overlap? | one specie succeeds at competing and the other moves, adapts by shifting its feeding habits through natural selection/evolution, or dies out |
| interference competition/ex | when one specie limits another's access to some resource/ humming bird defends its patch of flowers, old pet cat vs. new pet cat |
| exploitation competition/ex | both species have access to resources, but differ in how fast or efficiently each uses the resource/one squirrel takes a bite of the acorn andthrows it away, another squirrel eats all of acorn up and thows it away, humans |
| competative exclusion/ex | one specie(aggressive) eliminates the other due to use of limited resources/fire ant reduced 90% on native ant species |
| what are two ways to reduce competition? | resource partitoning and character displacement |
| resource partitioning/ex | sharing of resources by using at different times, different ways, or different places; requiring evolution of traits/shorebirds with different beak lengths or just birds with different types of beaks; hawks and owls-night and day |
| character displacement | The divergence of physical and behaviorial traits of similar species that share the habitatt through evolution |
| two factors affecting the species diversity on isolated ecosystems, such as an island are | size(amount of resources;affects immigration and extinction rates) and degree of isolation(how much near-by to migrating species;affects immigration rate) |
| In exploitation competition the organism that uses resource faster, gets __________(resource) | more of the resource |
| As long as common resource is __________, species can share them; however, species can't _______indefinately in an ecosystem where there's not enough resource tio support both | abundant,coexist |
| predation | one specie feeds directly on part or all of the organism |
| predator-prey relationship | prey and predator populations coinside |
| how does predator help the prey population? | killing seak, weak, or aged members |
| What are some of the tactics that help prey avoid being eaten by predators | speed, protective shells, highly developed senses, thorns, camouflage, chemical warfare, warning coloration, mimicry, bluff, gruping in schools, flocks, or herds |
| symbiosis | lifetime lasting relationship of two different organisms living together |
| parasitism/ex | type of symbiosis: one specie gets nourishment from host, which is weakened, but rarely killed/humans and mosquitoes |
| What are two types of parasites/ex | endoparasite-living inside host/tapeworm, exoparasite-living outside of host/mosquito |
| mutualism/syn/ex | type of symbiosis through which both species benefit/win-win/zooxanthellae and polyps,flowers and bees |
| commensalism/ex | type of symbiosis in which one specie is benefitted and the other is unaffected/orchids and trees |
| ecological succession | slow process of change of community due to constant change of vegetation as a result of changing climate, an dtherefore, species |
| Ecological succession can wind up at starting point again as a result of | fire, flooding, severe erosion, tree cutting,climate change, or other nature/human caused process |
| primary succession stages | 1.) startsing pint of lifeless area(bare rock, cooled lava, abandoned road, newly created pond) 2.) soil starts to form as pioneer species create weak acid that dissolves rock minerals, and with the help of physical weathering, break down bare rock 3.) early successional species that grow close to the ground continue succession and contribute to soil formation 4.) mussuccessional plants:grasses, shrubs follow 4.) late successional plants:trees conclude |
| Ecological succession occurs fastest in ___________ and slowest in ______________ | humid tropical areas,dry polar regions |
| can ecological succession occur in aquatic ecosystems? | yes |
| Secondary succession steps | 1.) begins in are where natural vegetation has been disturbed (by fire, flood, farmland, polluted stream) 2.) since soil is present, vegetation grows within a few weeks- annual weeds 3.) perennial weeds and grasses 4.)shrubs 5.) soft wood forest 6.) hardwood forest |
| Each stage of the ecological succession brings its own | species diversity, trophic structure/energy flow, niches, biogeochemical cycling |
| annual weeds vs. perennial weeds | annual weeds life cycle lasta only one year while perennial weeds' lifecycles last longer because roots remain in the ground throughout tough conditions |
| which type of ecological succession is faster, why? | secondary succession because the soil is already present and doesn;t require hundreds and thousands of years for formation |
| facilitation/ex | one specie makes an area suitable for other species/mice attract hawks |
| inhibition/ex/what two types of competition does it refer to | when one specie makes slows the establishment and growth of other specie/desert plants releasing toxic chemicals/exploitation and interference |
| tolerance/ex | late successional trees generally are unaffected by plants of earlier stages of succession/birch growing among oaks |
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis | communities that experience frequent MODERATE disturbances, (fallen tree in the tropical forest)have greatest diversity because they allow species of earlier stages to colonize, but are infrequent enough to maintain species of late stages |
| stability | ability to withstand an outside disturbance |
| inertia/syn | ability to resist distrurbance or change/persistence |
| consistancy | ability of a living system, such as population, to maintain its size within limits based on the available resources |
| resilience | ability to recover once ecosystem is disturbed |
| name a bimome with high resilience/low resilience | grasslands/rain forest |
| what are some signs of a stressed ecosystem | drop in NPP, decline of indicator species, larger population of disease or pest organisms,, decline in species diversity, contamination, increase in nutrient loss(D.O. or nitrates for instance) |
| precautinary principle | When evidence indicates that an activity can harm human health or environment, we should take pre-caution action to prevent harm. |
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