Key Terms 9 & 10
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i_pwn_u_noobs on October 20, 2008
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Vaccine | A substance prepared from killed or weakened microorganisms and is introduced into the body to protect the body against future infections by microorgansims. |
| Virulent | referring to the deadliness of a disease-causing agent |
| Transformation | transfer of genetic material from one organism to another |
| Bacteriophage | Also referred to as phage, viruses that infect bacteria. |
| Double Helix | spiral staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule |
| Nucleotide | Subunits that make up DNA; made of three parts-a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and a nitrogen-containing base. |
| Deoxyribose | The five carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides. |
| Base-Pairing rules | the rule stating that in DNA adenine on one strand always pairs with a thymine on the opposite strand and guanine on one strand always pairs with a cytosine on the opposite strand |
| Complementary | characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other |
| DNA replication | The process of making a copy of DNA. |
| DNA helicase | enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases during DNA replication |
| Replication Fork | a Y-shaped point that results when a double helix of DNA separates so that it can be copied |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides |
| Ribonucleid Acid (RNA) | a type of nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis |
| Uracil | A nitrogen base contained in an RNA nucleotide. |
| Transcription | stage of protein synthesis in which the information in DNA for making a protein is transferred to an RNA molecule |
| Translation | stage of gene expression in which the information in mRNA is used to make a protein |
| Gene Expression | two-stage processing of information encoded in DNA to produce proteins |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription is required. |
| Messenger RNA | RNA copy of a gene used as a blueprint for the making of a protein during translation |
| Codon | a three-nucleotide sequence in DNA or mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a stop signal |
| Genetic Code | sequence of nucleotides that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| Transfer RNA | RNA molecule that temporarily carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome during translation |
| Anticodon | Three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon |
| Ribosomal RNA | type of RNA molecule that plays a structural role in ribosomes |
| Operator | region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions |
| Operon | segment of DNA that controls gene regulation in a set of genes with related functions in prokaryotes |
| Lac Operon | gene system with a promoter, an operator gene, and three structural genes that control lactose metabolism |
| Repressor | A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site. |
| Intron | segment of mRNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA but removed before translation of mRNA into a protein |
| Exon | sequence of nucleotides on a gene that gets transcribed and translated |
| Point Mutation | Mutations that change one or just a few nucleotides in a gene on a chromosome are called... |
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