5 Written Questions

1. Normal distribution curve. based in statistical theory, describes the frequency distribution of repeated measurements of the same physical object by the same measurement.
2. 500,000-1,000,000
3. The fraction or proportion of a group of people initially free of the outcome of interest that develops the condition over a given period of time
4. "the extent to which repeated measurements of a stable phenomenon by different people and instruments at different times and places get similar results" Other words for this are reproducability and precision. p. 20
5. "degree to which the results of a study are correct for the sample of patients being studied...determined by how well the design, data collection, and analyses are carried out and..threatened by..biases and random variation" p. 10

5 Matching Questions

1. Confounders
2. Cohort Study
3. Attributable Risk
4. What is the leading cause of preventable death in the US?
5. Number of People Known to be Living in Alabama with HIV

1. a Patient characteristics that may affect the results a study it is trying to measure. They can decrease the validity of a study.
2. b "incidence study" Sample of people either free of outcome of interest and then followed over time as it emerges, or all diseased then followed for outcomes of that disease.. p. 64, All participants in a cohort study could experience the outcome of interest. 81 See Table 5.2 p. 84 "Advantages and Disadvantages of Cohort Studies"
3. c The absolute difference in the rate of events between the control and the intervention group. ( same as ARR)
4. d tobacco use
5. e 11,700. Of these 11,700 known to have HIV, ~4,500 have AIDS. (This number with AIDS will probably not be asked since the term AIDS is somewhat subjective. The viral load limit that a person must have to be considered suffering from AIDS has been lowered in recent years.)

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to answers.com, a case control study is a usually retrospective study in which individuals with and without a condition are examined and past medical history etc. is statistically analyzed for correlation.
   1. Case Control Study
   2. Case Fatality Rate
   3. Sensitivity
   4. Cohort Study
2. The more sensitive a test is, the better will be its NPV. The more specific a test it, the better will be its PPV.
   1. Posttest Probability
   2. Pretest Probability
   3. Baye's Theorem of Conditional Probabilities
   4. Case Fatality Rate
3. Def: Reducing the impact of the disease
   Ex. Rehabilitation for stroke
   1. Types of Prevention:
      Tertiary Prevention
   2. Types of Prevention:
      Primary Prevention
   3. Types of Prevention:
      Secondary Prevention
   4. Relative Risk Reduction
4. Proportion of people without the disease who have a negative test = true negatives/ (true negatives + false positives) p. 39
   1. Incidence
   2. Sensitivity
   3. Reliability
   4. Specificity
5. variables describing a possible effect p. 5
   1. Independent Variables
   2. Pretest Probability
   3. Dependent Variables
   4. Sensitivity

5 True/False Questions

1. Ecology of Medicine → "incidence study" Sample of people either free of outcome of interest and then followed over time as it emerges, or all diseased then followed for outcomes of that disease.. p. 64, All participants in a cohort study could experience the outcome of interest. 81 See Table 5.2 p. 84 "Advantages and Disadvantages of Cohort Studies"

   True        False

2. Prevalence → the proportion of persons in a defined population at a given point in time having the condition in question

   True        False

3. Approximately how many people does smoking kill in the US every year? → 7,000

   True        False

4. Types of Prevention:
   Secondary Prevention → Def: Early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications
   Ex. Screening for cancer

   True        False

5. John Snow → Did study of cholera

   True        False