AP Human Geography Chapter 8
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 city | a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture and economics |
| urban | The entire build-up, non rural area and its population including the most recently constructed suburban appendages |
| agricultural village | A relatively small, egaliteran village, where most of the population is involved in agriculture |
| agricultural surplus | when excess agriculture is produced and then sold for the consumption of others.` |
| social stratification | differentation of society into classes based on wealth, powes, production and prestige |
| leadership class | a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others |
| first urban revolution | The innovation of a city, which occured independently in 5 different hearths |
| Mesopotamia | region of great cities (such as UR and babylon) located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| Nile River Valley | Chronologically the second urban hearth dating back to 3200 BCE |
| Indus River Valley | 3rd urban hearth, dating back to 2200 BCE` |
| Huang He and Wei River Valley | 4th urban hearth, dating back to 1500 BCE |
| Mesoamerica | 5th urban hearth, dating to 200 BCE |
| acropolis | High point of a city where people build their most impressive structures- usually religious buildings |
| agora | the market, which also became the focus of commercial activity |
| site | the internal physical attributes of a city, including its absolute location, its spatial charectar and physical setting |
| Forum | Focal point of Roman life |
| situation | a city's relative location, its place in the region and world around it |
| trade area | region adjacent to every town and city with which its influence is dominant |
| rank-size rule | rule that says that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy |
| central place theory | Theory that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another |
| Sunbelt phenomenon | The movement of millions of Americans from Northern and North Eastern States to the South and South West regions (Sunbelt) of the US |
| functional zonation | the division of a city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions) |
| zone | area with a relatively uniform landscape |
| central buisness district (CBD) | A concentration of buisness and commerce in the city's downtown |
| central city | the urban area that is not suburban. Refers to old city as opposed to newer suburbs |
| suburb | an outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area, and is often (but not always) adgacent to the central city |
| Suburbanization | the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban enviroment become urbanized, as people and buisnesses from the city move to these spaces |
| Concentric zone model | A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings around a common center` |
| urban realm | the spatial components of the modern metropolis, where each realm is a seperate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolitan framework |
| edge cities | A term used to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the Unted States away from the CBD towards new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe |
| Griffin-Ford Model | A model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene |
| disamenity sector | the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords |
| McGee model | A model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of South East Asia. |
| Shantytowns | unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard |
| zoning laws | Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas |
| redlining | A discrimatory real estate practice in N.America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominately white neighborhoods |
| blockbusting | a practice where the realtors would solicit other white residents of the neighborhood to sell thier homes under the guise that the neighborhood was going downhill because an African American person or family had moved in |
| commercialization | The transformation of a city into an area attractice to residents or tourists alike in terms of economic activity |
| Gentrification | process that occurs when individuals buy up and rehabilitate the houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood itself |
| tear-downs | houses that new owners bought with the intentions of tearing them down and building a much bigger one |
| McMansions | houses referred to such because of their super size and similarity in apperance to other houses; built in place of tear downs |
| new urbanism | development, urban revitalization and suburb reforms that creat walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs |
| Gated Communities | fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles |
| informal economy | the economy that is not taxed and is not counted toward a country's gross national income |
| primate city | city largest and most economically influential in the state |
| spaces of consumption | Areas of the city, the main purpose is to encourage people to consume goods and services |
| urban sprawl | unrestricted growth of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern of urban planning |
| world cities | cities that function at a global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy |
| urban morphology | the layout of the city, is physical form and structure |
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