| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Chordates | have spinal chords |
| Vertebrates | have a backbone |
| r-selection | species with high productive rates, little parental investment, fast development, high mortality rate, and small belly size |
| k-selection | low productive rate, high parental investment, slow development, low mortality rates, and large body size |
| Mammalian characteristics | can be monotremes, marsupial, or placental. Can have r or k selection or reproduction. Uses temperature regulation, heterodonic teeth, large brain |
| Mammalian subgroups | monotremes, marsupials, placentals |
| Dental comb | the incisors and canines on lower jaw that protrude outward for grooming |
| Dental formula | using half of the upper and lower to indicate the number of each tooth a mammal has |
| Diastemas | gaps between teeth to receive the projecting canine of the opposite jaw |
| Sectoral lower first premolar | a single cuspid premolar that forms a cutting, slicing complex with the cutting edge of the upper canine |
| Different molar types | tribosphenic, bilophodant, Y-5 |
| Comparative primatology | the study of our closest living relatives, the primates, for the purpose of understanding aspects of our own behavior |
| Primate evolutionary trends | unspecialized post-cranial skeleton, pentadactyly (5 digits on feet and hands), nails & high sensitive tactile pads, flexible hands/feet (prehensibility), tendency towards upper body erectness, retention of the clavicle, teeth & diet |
| Traditional primate suborders | prosimians (lemurs, lorises, galagos, tarsiers) and anthropoids (new world and old world monkeys, apes, humans) |
| Recent primate suborders | strepsirines and haplorhines |
| Prosimian Characteristics | Big ears, scent glands for communication, eyes not completely in front, tapitur lucidum, fetus separated by 2 layers of tissue, low gestation, multiple nipples, small body size, tooth comb, infused mandible, grooming claw, wet nose |
| Haplorine Characteristics | small ears, eyes in front, retinal phobia, single placental layer, long gestation, 1 pair of nipples, large body size, |
| Platyrrhine (New world monkeys) | side facing nostrils, 3 premolars |
| Catarrhine (Old world monkeys) | down facing nostrils, 2 premolars |
| 5 Perspectives of behavior | phylogeny, otogeny, proximate stimulus, behavior itself, function |
| Tool Use | mostly used for food procurement |
| Language | open, productive, displacement, arbitrary |
| Cultural or "local" traditions | some groups of chimps will clasp overhead while others won't |
| Agonism | aggressive or combative "selfish" behaviors |
| Affiliation | cooperative behaviors, bond enhancing |
| Dominance | status of individuals |
| Behavioral ecology | the study of behavior from an ecological perspective |
| 5 areas of socioecological pressures | Nutritional ecology, locomotion, predation, selfish herd concept, intraspecific competition |
| Fitness differences of behavior categories | selfish, mutualistic, altruistic, spiteful |
| Infanticide | pathology or reproductive strategy to increase fitness of males in charge that are only there for a short time. Killing infants brings females back into estrus |
| Altruism | give up your needs for another. rb>c |
| Kin selection theory | behavior that favors family and others in close proximity |
| Individual fitness | individual success |
| Inclusive fitness | success of relatives |
| Spandrels | byproducts of structural change |
| Phylogenic constraints | limits on current behavior or traits due to patterns and trends in an organism's evolutionary past |
| Sexual selection | males are under more pressure to find mates. Males have secondary sex traits used for intimidation of other males |
| Sympatric | different species sharing the same habitat |
| Congeneric primates | both species are found in the same genus |
| Ecological Niche | all the components in an environment with which an organism interacts |
| Niche separation | exploiting the same environment differently |
| Food properties | fruit (high energy, easy to digest, sporadic, not reliable) leaves (easily available, high protein, hard to chew/digest due to cellulose and toxins), insects (high protein, high energy, easy to digest, not always easy to find or catch) |
| Tooth and gut specializations | Folivores (narrow incisors, sharp crests on molars, elongated intestines with large caecum complex, Frugivores (large incisors, low round cusps on molars) Insectivores (pointed, sharp premolar and molar cusps, short and simple gut) |
| Temporal availability of food | diurnal, nocturnal, cathemeral |
| Spacial availability of food | clumped, evenly dispersed, randomly scattered, different sections of the canopy |
| Importance of food for females | more important due to gestation and lactation needing more energy |
| Digestibility of food | fruits and insects are easy, leaves need secculated stomach, more complex |
| Body size as a predictor of diet | small size can easily survive on fruits and insects. larger body size needs higher bulk of food |
| Primate conservation | use sustainable development, use economic incentives, westerners should be more responsible (consumption) |
| Biological species concept | reproductive capability-in the wild, if 2 organisms produce viable offspring that are in themselves fertile, then they are the same species |
| Anagenesis | straight line evolution can't use Biological species concept because organisms are not living at the same time |
| Cladogenesis | Branching evolution. can use biological species concept |
| Paleospecies | species that is now extinct |
| Causes of speciation | reproductive isolation, genetic divergence (mutations, genetic drift, natural selection) |
| Adoptive radiation | mammals filling all the open niches that the dinosaurs left when they became extinct |
| Gradualism | small changes over time. smooth and gradual |
| Punctuated equilibrium | periods of stasis and then rapid change, most change occurring during speciation |
| Extinctions | average life span of a species is 4 million years, more then 99% of all species that ever existed are extinct. Worst happened 250 millions years ago |
| Homologous traits | similar structures (arm bones in whales, humans, and dogs) |
| Homoplastic (analogous) traits | dissimilar structures used for the same purpose (butterfly and bat wings) |
| Convergent evolution | 2 different organisms with the same features due to similar environment |
| Evolutionary systematics | overall similarity in homologous traits |
| Cladistics | remaining primitive traits from equation because so many organisms have them, focus on derived or modified traits |
| Primitive traits | characteristics found in an ancestor and all or most of it's decendents |
| Derived traits | characteristics found only in one descendent branch and in the ancestral form |
| Outgroup | related organism to groups you are looking at |
| Monophyletic group | group where two groups share a common ancestor |
| Homologous derived traits | characteristic found in more then one, but not all, descendent forms and not in the common ancestor |
| Relative dating methods | Carbon 14, dendrochronology, potassium-argon dating, fission-track dating |
| Taphonomy | what happened from the time of death to when the fossil was found |
| Process of fossilization | only hard tissues fossilize. burial must be quick. Soil must be non-acidic |
| Preservation potential of bone | depends on volume, composition, shape, and hydraulic behavior |
| Theories of primate evolution | arboreal theory, angiosperm co-evolution theory (flowering plants), visual predation theory (adaptions for low light, insect foraging) |
| Plesiadapiformes | primate-like animals |
| The basal primates (Altialasius, Decoredon) | first primates. Only teeth have been found |
| Primates of modern aspect (adapoids, omomyoids) | similar to lemurs/lorises |
| Earliest anthropoid (apidium, Aegyptopithecus) | old world, and new world monkeys |
| Rafting theory of new world primates | small pieces of land broke off with primates on them and floated from Africa and North America to South America |
Combine with other sets
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