blood, heart, circulatory system
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Created by:
savannahmalloy on March 3, 2011
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133 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 artery | large vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| arteriole | small vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| vein | large vessel that carries blood to the heart |
| venule | small vessel that carries blood to the heart |
| what "insulates" the blood vessels? | smooth muscle and elastic tissue |
| what tissue covers the vessels? | connective tissue |
| what is on the inside of a blood vessel? | endothelium |
| capillary | small vessels that connect venules and arterioles |
| lymph vein | part of the lymphatic system |
| what is the normal blood pressure in an artery? | 180 mm Hg |
| at what rate does lymph enter the lymph capillaries? | 4 |
| what is the normal blood pressure in an arteriole? | 30 mm Hg |
| at what rate does lymph leave the capillaries? | 12 mm Hg |
| At what rate does lymph reenter the capillary bed? | 8 mm Hg |
| what two forces are at work in the capillary bed? | 1. osmotic pressure inside and outside the capillaries 2. hydrostatic pressure both inside and outside the capillary bed |
| what are the effects of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in the arteriole side of the capillary bed? | the lymph leaves the capillary bed, and exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide, glucose, and wastes with body cells |
| what are the effects of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in the venule half of the capillary bed? | the lymph reenters the capillary bed at a net pressure of 8 mm Hg and 4 mm Hg are left |
| what is the main problem with the capillary bed? | there is more lymph going out than going back in |
| edema | swelling as a result of the build of fluid in tissue |
| 3 functions of the lymphatic system | 1. absorb excess lymph and prevent edema 2. lacteals in intestinal villi absorb glycerol and fatty acid 3. lymph nodes produce lymphocytes to fight infections |
| hemacrit | solid portion of blood |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood |
| what is the function of the milking action of skeletal muscle? | to circulate blood when it enters veins at 0 mm Hg |
| how does the milking action of skeletal muscle work? | when a muscle contracts and shortens, the muscle causes the blood vessel's valves to close and forces blood up, and because the valves close, the blood cannot go back down (fights gravity) |
| where does the blood enter the heart from the upper body? | superior vena cava |
| where does the blood enter the heart from the lower body? | inferior vena cava |
| what cavity does the blood enter first after coming through the vena cava? | right atrium |
| what valve does the blood go through when leaving the right atrium? | tricuspid valve |
| what cavity does the blood go into after flowing through the tricuspid valve? | right ventricle |
| what valve is blood pumped through when leaving the right ventricle? | pulmonary semi-lunar valve |
| where does blood travel after being pumped through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve? | through the pulmonary artery to the lungs |
| what happens to blood in the lungs? | oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged |
| where does blood enter the heart from the lungs? | pulmonary veins |
| what cavity does blood flow into through the pulmonary veins? | left atrium |
| what valve does blood flow through when leaving the left atrium? | bicuspid valve |
| what cavity does blood enter after flowing through the biscuspid valve? | left ventricle |
| what valve is blood pumped through when leaving the left ventricle? | aortic semi-lunar valve |
| what major artery does the aortic semi-lunar valve lead into? | aorta |
| where is blood pumped to through the aorta? | the body |
| what happens to the blood in the body? | CO2 and O2 are exchanged |
| name the 4 valves in the heart | tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve |
| which valve only has two flaps? | bicuspid |
| what are the normal "heart noises"? | lup-dupp |
| what is the abnormal "heart noise"? | shh - heart murmur |
| what is the lup sound? | the tricuspid and bicuspid valves slamming shut |
| what is the dupp sound? | the pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar valves slamming shut |
| what is heart efficiency based on? | how strong the muscle is and how tight the valves are sealed |
| what are the 2 alternate names for the "heartstrings"? | papillary muscles and chordae tendinae |
| what are the functions of the heartstrings? | they hold the valve so they cannot swing both ways |
| what do you call a valve which swings slightly in the opposite directions? | prolapsed valve |
| how do all the valves in the circulatory open? | force of blood flow |
| what is the function of the sinoatrial node? | pacemaker - sends electrical impulses across the surface of the heart, causing the two atria to contract simultaneously |
| what is the function of the atrioventricular node? | receives electrical signal, regulates contractions of heart by delaying signal so the atria can contract before the ventricles |
| what are the coronary vessels? | supply heart with oxygen by blood flow |
| what is an electrocardiogram? | ECG, EKG electric reading of the heart activity |
| what are the waves associated with an ECG? | PQRST |
| what is the P wave? | depolarization (contraction) of the 2 atria |
| what are the QRS waves? | the repolarization (relaxation) of the atria, and the ventricles depolarization |
| what is the T wave? | ventricles repolarizing |
| what is the liquid portion of blood? | plasma |
| what is the solid portion of blood? | blood cells |
| why is blood considered a connective tissue? | it has living cells surrounded by a nonliving/noncellular matrix |
| what % of plasma is water? | 92% |
| what proteins are present in plasma? | fibrinogen, globulins, albumin |
| what is the function of fibrinogen? | clotting of blood |
| what are globulins? | antibodies that fight infections |
| what is the function of albumin? | responsible for osmoregulation of blood and cells |
| what dissolved gases are present in plasma? | CO2 and O2 |
| what is plasma made of? | water, CO2, O2, proteins, glucose along with other nutrients, salts, wastes (urea), and hormones |
| if you take the 3 proteins out of plasma, what is left? | tissue fluid (lymph or glomular filtrate) |
| what is left if you take the fibrinogen out of plasma? | serum |
| what are erythrocytes? | red blood cells |
| where are erythrocytes produced? | bone marrow |
| what is the function of erythrocytes? | transport O2 and CO2 |
| what is the most numerous of the blood cells? | red blood cells (erythrocytes) |
| which blood cells contain hemoglobin | red blood cells (erythrocytes) |
| what are RBC's shaped like? | disc |
| which of the blood cells have a nucleus? | leukocytes |
| what is life span of a RBC? | 120 days |
| how many RBC's are in 1 cc of blood? | 5.3 million |
| what is a thrombocyte? | blood platelets |
| what are the functions of thromobocytes? | blood clotting |
| where are thrombocytes produced? | bone marrow |
| what are the smallest blood cells? | thrombocytes |
| what are leukocytes? | white blood cells |
| what are the function of leukocytes? | fight infection |
| where are leukocytes produced? | bone marrow and lymph nodes |
| what is the largest blood cell? | leukocytes |
| what are the two types of leukocytes? | granular and agranular |
| what are the three granular leukocytes? | neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
| what are the characteristics of granular leukocytes? | lobed nucleus, granules in cytoplasm |
| what are the agranular leukocytes? | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| what is the main characteristic of agranular leukocytes? | no granules in cytoplasm |
| what are the two types of wounds? | intrinsic and extrinsic |
| what chemical MUST be present for blood clotting? | calcium Ca++ |
| what does prothrombinase do? | causes a conversion from prothrombin to thrombin |
| what does the conversion from prothrombin to thrombin do? | causes a conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin which then clots blood |
| what is the body's "gauze pad" | fibrin |
| what vitamin do you need to create prothrombin? | vitamin k? |
| what are the 4 possible blood types? | A, B, AB, O |
| where are agglutinogens (antigens) found? | on the red blood cell membrane |
| where are agglutinines (antibodies) found? | plasma |
| what is an agglutinogen? | antigen |
| what is an agglutinine? | antibody |
| antigens of type A | A |
| antibodies of A | anti-B |
| antigens of B | B |
| antibodies of B | anti-A |
| antigens of AB | A and B |
| antibodies of AB | neither |
| antigens of O | neither |
| antibodies of O | A and B |
| which blood type is a universal recipient? | AB |
| which blood type is a universal donor? | O |
| what does it mean to be Rh positive? | the Rh factor is present on the RBC membrane |
| what does it mean to be Rh negative? | the Rh factor is NOT present on the RBC membrane |
| what happens if an Rh(-) person gets an Rh(+) person's blood? | their immune system attacks it |
| what is erythroblasotsis fetalis? | a mother is carrying a baby with a different blood Rh type (Rh- mother with and Rh+ baby) |
| which pregnancy does EF affect? | every pregnancy after the first |
| what happens to the younger children? | the mother's body has began to produce Rh antibodies because of the contact with first babies blood and so the mothers blood attacks the other children's Rh+ blood and children can be born anemic or dead |
| alleles present in type A blood | Ia and i |
| possible genotypes for type A blood | Ia Ia and Ia i |
| alleles present in type B blood | Ib and i |
| possible genotypes for type B blood | Ib Ib and Ib i |
| alleles present in AB blood | Ia and Ib |
| possible genotypes for AB blood | Ia Ib |
| alleles present in O blood | i |
| possible genotypes for type O blood | ii |
| alleles in Rh+ blood | D or d |
| genotypes of Rh+ blood | DD or Dd |
| alleles in Rh- blood | d |
| genotypes of Rh- blood | dd |
| what is a heart attack? | a blocked coronary vessel |
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