Interpersonal Communication: Chpt. 4-5
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Arbitrary nature of words | The idea that words have no inherent meaning |
| Argot | Used by a particular group of non-professionally related people |
| Attribution Theory | Set of ideas that explains how people understand the causes for human behavior |
| bypassing | when a person incorrectly assumes that words have inherent meaning |
| closure | we fill in the gaps with stimuli in order to make sense of them "read between the lines" to better understand |
| Communicare | to make common |
| Communication accommodation Theory (CAT) | a theory stating that individuals adapt their communication styles to others with whom they are communicating. |
| Compound Requests | Exp. Won't you please call your mother today? |
| Connotative | The less formal, subjective meaning of a word-(emotional feeling the word creates) |
| Netiquette | Rules used to guide online communication |
| Organization | How we organize stimuli based on patterns (schemata, scripts, prototypes, stereotypes) |
| Perception | the subjective mental process through which we come to understand the world around us |
| Perceptual accentuation | the tendency to see what you expect |
| Perceptual constancy | refers to the tendency that perceptions remain consistent over time |
| Polarization | When a person uses language that describes things in "either or" terms |
| Pragmatic rules | Guidelines that reduce ambiguity by highlighting how relationships affect meaning |
| prototypes | Represent the ideal form of something |
| Qualifiers | Ways of speaking that take away power from what your saying |
| Reappropriating language | embracing terms, which traditionally have been used to demean in ways that alter their original meaning |
| Constructivism | a theory that suggest that we make sense of the world through a system of mental blueprints (schemata) |
| Convergence | adapting their communication to become more like the other persons |
| Denotative | explicit, formal meaning of a word |
| disclaimers | any time you use words that disclaim what your saying-"you don't have to believe me, but i just saw a ghost" |
| divergence | making a conscious effort to distinguish your communication from that of others |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that your cultural group is superior to all other groups |
| euphemisms | terms that are substituted for offensive words |
| fact-interference confusion | when an individual does not distinguish between things that are true and those that are assumed |
| halo effect | assuming that a person with one positive characteristic will exhibit other similar positive characteristics |
| hedges | taking away power by saying "i think you should..." |
| homophily | common cultural experiences shared by two or more people |
| idioms | an expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangements of its parts, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is know only through common use |
| schemata | blueprints that help individuals structure their though process and organize and interpret the things around them |
| scripts | type of schema that guide behavior |
| selective distortion | process whereby we alter our perceptions of stimuli so that our existing ideas that remain intact |
| selective attention | describes the reason why we choose certain stimuli over others |
| selective exposure | selectively attend to cues that support our initial impression that he is sociable and outgoing |
| self-attribution bias | the tendency that individuals possess to judge their own intentions but others actions |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | people make a prediction that ultimately becomes true because they behave as if its true |
| semantic rules | guidelines that help us understand the meaning of individual words |
| semantic triangle | Reference (thought) Symbol (word representing the thing) Referent (the actual thing) |
| semantics of prejudice | the idea that language choices can subtly reflect bias against others |
| slang | derived from argot, but widely know to the general public |
| Idiosyncratic language | personalized terms that are used and accepted by a small group of people (exp. just you and your friends use) |
| Implicit personality theory | a body of work that suggests that an individuals perceptions of others are likely to be consistent with initial perceptions |
| intensifiers | adding unneeded words to make it more intense. exp. i love her sooo much! |
| intentional orientation | the practice of relying on labels for our perceptions |
| interpretation | assigns meaning and value to the stimuli that we have selected and organized, usually by comparing and contrasting them |
| jargon | used by a particular trade, profession, or group |
| Man-linked terminology | words and phrases that are used generically to refer to both men and women, but place men as the norm |
| metastereotypes | perceptions that one group has of the stereotypes that other groups have of their group |
| speech community | a group of individuals who share a common language system complete with collective styles, norms and goals not shared by outsiders |
| standpoint theory | The world looks different depending on your social standing. Your social standing is influenced by cultural elements-exp. race, gender, ethnicity |
| static evaluation | when a person uses language that is fixed, rigid and not open for change |
| stereotypes | generalizations that we assume are true for all things belonging to a certain general category |
| syntax rules | rules of where words go in a sentence |
| tag questions | anytime you add a question at the end of a statement. exp. shouldn't we? |
| ultra-politeness | Asking a question to ask a question. exp. excuse me, can i ask you a question? |
| whorf-sapir hypothesis | say that language helps to shape our reality *language is necessary in order to express thoughts |
| Characteristics of Language | symbolic, subjective, rule-governed, contextual, creative |
| Functions of Language | Tool, Lens, Exhibition |
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