AP World History Chapter 23 Vocab
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Population Revolution | huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization |
| Protoindustrialization | Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full or part time producers who worked at home in a capatilist system in which materials,work,orders,and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution |
| American Revolution | Rebellion of the British-American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States |
| French Revolution | Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe |
| Louis XVI | Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements |
| Guillotine | Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815 |
| Congress of Vienna | Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power |
| Liberalism | Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited government, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional role and parliments. |
| Radicals | Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring lower classes |
| Socialism | Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capatilistic exploitation of the working class |
| Nationalism | European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "-isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic orgins |
| Greek Revolution | Rebellion of Greeks againts the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintergration of the Turkish Balkan Empire |
| French Revolution of 1830 | Second revolution against Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy |
| Belgian Revolution of 1830 | Produced Belgian independence fromt eh Dutch; established constitutional monarchy |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class |
| James Watt | Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution |
| Factory System | Intensification of all the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline |
| Luddites | Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd |
| Chartist movement | Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s |
| French Revolution of 1848 | Overthrew the French monarchy esablished in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic |
| Revolutions of 1848 | the nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary; after temporary success they were surpressed |
| Louis Pasteur | Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him |
| Benjamin Disraeli | British politician ; granted the vote to working class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stablitity through reform |
| Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont |
| Otto von Bismarck | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability |
| American Civil War (1861-1865) | Fought to prevent secession of the southern states;the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States |
| Transformismo | Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo |
| Social Question | Issues relating to workers and women in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 |
| Karl Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production ; preached the inevibility of social revolution and the creation of proletarian dictatorship |
| Revisionism | Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions |
| Feminist Movement | Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle class women |
| Mass Leisure Culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation time and team sports |
| Charles Darwin | Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival |
| Albert Einstein | Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planeary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued theory of relativity |
| Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses |
| Romanticism | 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflections |
| Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th-century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I |
| Triple Entente | Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I |
| Balkan Nationalsim | Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crisises within the European alliance system that ended with outbreak of World War I |
| Industrial Revolution | Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 174 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and developement of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production |
| Age of Revolution | Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 |
| Conservative | Political viewpoint with orgins in western Europe during the 19th-century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church |
| Imperialism | The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest |
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