Ch. 22 Morzenti
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Christina_Solazzo on March 6, 2011
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107 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Geocentric Theory | Earth-centered view of the universe that came from Aristotle in 4th century BC. Ptolemy expanded the theory in the 2nd century AD. Christianity taught that God had placed the earth in the center of the universe. Earth was thus a special place on which the great drama life unfolded. Hmmm thespians really do rule the world. |
| Scientific Revolution | Began in the mid-1500's when some scholars published works that challenged ancient thinkers and the Church. These new theories replaced old assumptions. It was a new way of thinking about the natural world. It was based upon careful observation and questioning accepted beliefs. The age of exploration helped fuel this as new places introduced to Europeans peoples previously unknown to them and the need to focus on stars and the sun for tools. The printing press helped spread ideas. |
| Heliocentric Theory | Nicolaus Copernicus studied this for more than 25 years the planetary movements and reasoned that the stars, earth, and other planets revolved around the sun. This did not completely explain why the planets orbited the way they did. Most rejected this because of religious reasons. Fearing persecution he did not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life. He received a copy of his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on his deathbed. |
| Sun-Centered Theory | Also called the heliocentric theory. Nicolaus Copernicus studied for more than 25 years the planetary movements and reasoned that the stars, earth, and other planets revolved around the sun. This did not completely explain why the planets orbited the way they did. Most rejected this because of religious reasons. Fearing persecution he did not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life. He received a copy of his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on his deathbed. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish cleric and astronomer. Founder of the heliocentric theory. He studied the planetary movements for more than 25 years and reasoned that the stars, earth, and other planets revolved around the sun. He did not completely explain why they orbited this way. Most rejected his ideas because of religious reasons. Fearing persecution he did not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life. He received a copy of his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on his deathbed. |
| On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies | Written by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. It contained his findings on the heliocentric theory. He received it on his deathbed. |
| Tycho Brahe | A Danish astronomer, he carefully recorded the movements of the planets for many years. He produced mountains of accurate data based on his observations. However, it was left to his followers to make mathematical sense of them. He died in 1601. |
| Johannes Kepler | Tycho Brahe's assistant, he was a brilliant mathematician. In 1601 after Brahe's death, he continued his work. He concluded that there were certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. One of these was these was that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits. His laws showed that Copernicus's basic ideas were true. |
| Galileo Galilei | An Italian scientist who as a young man learned that a Dutch lens maker had built an instrument that could enlarge far-off objects. So, he built his own telescope and used it to study space in 1609. In 1610 he published the book, Starry Messenger, which described his observations. He announced that Jupiter had four moons, the sun had dark spots, and the moon had a rough, uneven surface. This scared Protestants and Catholics. In 1616 the Catholic Church warned him not to defend the ideas of Copernicus. He remained publicly silent but continued his studies. In 1632 he published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. This presented the ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy, but it clearly showed that he supported the ideas of Copernicus. The pope summoned him to stand trial before the Inquisition. In 1633, under the threat of torture he knelt and read aloud a signed confession in which he declared the ideas of Copernicus were false. He lived under house arrest until he died in 1642 in his villa near Florence. The Church acknowledged that he was right in 1992. |
| Starry Messenger | Published in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. It describes his observations with his telescope of how Jupiter has four moons, the sun has dark sports, and our moon is imperfect. |
| Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems | Published by Galileo Galilei in 1632 it presented both the ideas of Copernicus and Ptolemy. It was clear though that he supported Copernicus. It was for this that the pope summoned him to stand trial before the Inquisition. |
| Scientific Method | A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. First, there is a problem or questions arising from an observation. Next the scientist forms a hypothesis, unproved assumption. The hypothesis is then tested in an experiment of on the basis of data. The scientist then analyzes and interprets their data to reach a new conclusion. The conclusion either confirms or disproves the hypothesis. It was developed by Francis Bacon and René Descartes. |
| Francis Bacon | An English statesman and writer who had a passionate interest in science. He believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would develop practical knowledge. In his writings he attacked medieval scholars for relying too heavily on Aristotle and other ancient thinkers. Instead of reasoning from abstract theories, he urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions. This approach is called empiricism, or the experimental method. His book, Novum Organum, came out in 1630 and encouraged the experimental method. |
| Empiricism | The practice of experimenting then drawing conclusions. Also called the experimental method, developed by Francis Bacon. |
| Experimental Method | Also called empiricism it was developed by Francis Bacon and is the practice of experimenting then drawing conclusions. |
| René Descartes | Developed analytical geometry which linked algebra with geometry. This was important for scientific research. He believed scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings. He relied on mathematics and logic to gain knowledge. Everything should be doubted until proven by reason. "I think, therefore I am." Dr. Y was his biggest fan. He used this to reach other basic truths. His book, Discourse on Method, came out in 1637 and set forth his scientific method of reasoning from the basis of doubt. |
| Novum Organum | Published by Francis Bacon in 1620 this encourages the experimental method. |
| Discourses on Method | Published by René Descartes in 1637 it sets forth his scientific method of reasoning from the basis of doubt. |
| Isaac Newton | Studied mathematics and physics at Cambride University. By the time he was 26 he was positive all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces. This was his greatest discovery-the law of gravity. The oh so famous apple. In 1687 he published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. With this he described how the universe worked like a clockDR.Yas well as the law of gravity. He believed God was the clockmaker who held everything in motion. |
| Law of Gravity | Discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, according to this every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. |
| The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy | Published in 1687 by Sir Isaac Newton. With this he described how the universe worked like a clockDR.Yas well as the law of gravity. He believed God was the clockmaker who held everything in motion. |
| Zacharias Janssen | Dutch maker of eyeglasses, he was the first maker of a microscope in 1590. |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | A Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist was the first to use the microscope to observe bacteria in tooth scrapings in 1674. He also examined red blood cells for the first time. |
| Evangelista Torricelli | One of Galileo's students who in 1643 developed the first mercury barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure. |
| Mercury Barometer | Developed by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643, it is a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure. |
| Gabriel Fahrenheit | This German physicist in 1714 made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass. His thermometer showed water freezing at 32 degrees. |
| Anders Celsius | Swedish astronomer who created a mercury thermometer in 1742 that showed water freezing at 0 degrees. |
| Galen | Ancient Greek physician. In the Middle Ages, European doctors accepted as fact his writings, he never dissected a human being, only pigs and other animals. He assumed human anatomy was the same as others. |
| Andreas Vesalius | Flemish physician who proved Galen's assumptions wrong. He dissected human corpses and published his observations in On the Structure of the Human Body in 1543. It was filled with detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscles. |
| On the Structure of the Human Body | Published by Andreas Vesalius in 1543 it was filled with detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscles. In it he proven Galen wrong. |
| Edward Jenner | British physician who in the 1700's introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox. Inoculations using live smallpox germs had been practiced in Asia for centuries. While beneficial, it was dangerous. He discovered that inoculation with germs from a cattle disease called cowpox gave permanent protection for humans. He used this to produce the world's first vaccination. |
| Robert Boyle | Pioneered the use of the scientific method. He is considered the founder of modern chemistry. Whitaker just lovessss him. He published The Sceptical Chymist in 1661. It challenged Aristotle's ideas that the physical world consisted of four elements-earth, air, fire, and water-air bender agreed with Aristotle just saying. Instead, he proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways. His most famous contribution was his law- p1 x v1 = p2 x v2. This law explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other. |
| Boyle's Law | Yup, you get to memorize this, again. Explain it in a paragraph and get points off for forgetting something like temperature being constant, again. So, p1 x v1= p2xv2 when temperature is at a constant. This was discovered in 1662. |
| Maria de Coste Blanche | Published The Nature of the Sun and Earth in 1566. |
| The Nature of the Sun and Earth | Published by Maria de Coste Blanche in 1566. |
| Enlightenment | Scholars and philosophers began to reevaluate old notions about other aspects of society like in government, religion, economics, and education. This intellectual movement stresses reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. |
| Thomas Hobbes | English political thinker. He expressed his views in Leviathan in 1651. The English Civil War had convinced him of humans being naturally selfish and wicked. Without governments to keep order there would be complete chaos. He argued that people needed to hand over their rights to a strong ruler to avoid such chaos. In exchange they receive law and order(not what TV show is based off of with James McCoy.) This would be a social contract. Since people acted in self-interest the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control. The best government was one with the power of a leviathan(sea monster) or absolute government. |
| Leviathan | Written by Thomas Hobbes in 1651 it expresses his political views. This is also a sea monster. |
| Social Contract | He argued that people needed to hand over their rights to a strong ruler to avoid such chaos. In exchange they receive law and order. Since people acted in self-interest the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control. The best government was one with the power of a leviathan(sea monster) or absolute government. |
| John Locke | English political thinker. Held a positive view of human nature. He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. As reasonable beings, they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government. It was his belief that all people were born free and equal, with three natural rights, life, liberty, and property. The purpose of government is to protect these rights. If a government fails to do so, citizens have a right to overthrow it. His beliefs were the basis for future revolutions. |
| Philosophes | French word for philosophers. France, specifically Paris, was the center for people to discuss politics and ideas in the mid-1700's. They believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life. Five concepts formed the core of their beliefs- reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty. |
| Five Core Beliefs of Philosophes | Reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty. |
| Reason | Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking. |
| Nature | The philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable. |
| Happiness | The philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth. |
| Progress | The philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve. |
| Liberty | The philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights. |
| Voltaire | 1694-1778. This is his pen name, real name is Franҫois Marie Arouet. One of the most brilliant and influential philosophes. He was most likely Frederick the Great's gay lover, the book insinuates as much. But the relationship turned sour at some point. He often used satire against his opponents. He made frequent targets of the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government. His sharp tongue made him enemies at the French court and he was sent to prison twice. After his second jail term, he was exiled to England for more than two years. He never stopped fighting intolerance, prejudice, and superstition. Famous quote, "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it." He published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. |
| Franҫois Marie Arouet | 1694-1778. His pen name was Voltaire. One of the most brilliant and influential philosophes. He was most likely Frederick the Great's gay lover, the book insinuates as much. But the relationship turned sour at some point. He often used satire against his opponents. He made frequent targets of the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government. His sharp tongue made him enemies at the French court and he was sent to prison twice. After his second jail term, he was exiled to England for more than two years. He never stopped fighting intolerance, prejudice, and superstition. Famous quote, "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it." He published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. |
| Baron de Montesquieu | Influential French writer who devoted himself to the study of political liberty. He believed that Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his day. The British king and his ministers held executive power. They carried out the laws of the state. The members of Parliament held legislative power, they made the laws. The judges of the English courts held judicial power. They interpreted the laws to see how each applied to a specific case. He called this division of power amongst branches seperation of powers. This was an oversimplified view of things. His idea however was a part of his book, On the Spirit of Laws, in 1748. He proposed that the separation of power would keep one person from gaining total control. This was the basis for checks and balances and the United States Constitution. |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | Great philosophe who was passionately committed to individual freedom. He was the son of a poor Swiss watchmaker but won recognition as a writer of essays. He strongly disagreed with many Enlightenment thinkers. He argues that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness. The only good government was freely formed by the people and guided by the "general will" of society-a direct democracy. In this government people agree to give up some of their freedom in favor of the common good. In 1762 he published The Social Contract. His views inspired many in the French Revolution. |
| On the Spirit of Laws | Written by Montesquieu in 1748. In it he proposed that the separation of power would keep one person from gaining total control. This was the basis for checks and balances and the United States Constitution. |
| The Social Contract | Written by Rousseau in 1762, he argues that the only good government was freely formed by the people and guided by the "general will" of society-a direct democracy. In this government people agree to give up some of their freedom in favor of the common good. |
| Cesare Bonesana Beccaria | An Italian philosophe who turned his thoughts to the justice system. He believed that laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. He criticized the torturing of witnesses and subjects, irregular proceedings of trials, and punishments that were arbitrary or cruel. He argued that a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial and that torture should never be used. The degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime. He also believed that capital punishment should be abolished. His ideas influenced criminal law reformers of Europe and North America. |
| Women and the Enlightenment | Philosophes took traditional views of women. Rousseau for example, developed many progressive ideas about education but believed women should be taught how to be a helpful wife and mother and that be all. Others scolded women for reading novels because they thought it encouraged to idleness and wickedness. Still, some male writers argued for more education for women and for women's equality in marriage. |
| Mary Astell | English writer who in 1694 published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies. Her book addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women. In later writings, she used Enlightenment arguments about government to criticize the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage. |
| A Serious Proposal to the Ladies | Published in 1694 by Mary Astell. Her book addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women. In later writings, she used Enlightenment arguments about government to criticize the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | 1759-1797.One of the most persuasive female writers of the Enlightenment. She published an essay, A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792. In the essay she disagreed with Rousseau that women's education should be secondary to men's. Rather, she argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful. She urged women to enter fields of medicine and politics. She and her two sisters taught themselves by studying books at home. She briefly ran a school with them. She eventually took a job with a London publisher where she met her future husband, William Godwin (OMG ANDREW GODWIN YOUR ANCESTORS!) She died at the age of 38, after giving birth to their daughter Mary. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley | Married name of the child of Mary Wollstonecraft. She went on to write the classic novel, Frankenstein. |
| Emilie du Châtelet | An aristocrat trained as a mathematician and physicist. By translating Newton's work from Latin to French she helped stimulate interest in science in France. |
| Adam Smith | British thinker (yes British people can actually think thank you history book for teaching us that I did not know that) who extended the emphasis on the individual to economic thinking. He believed that individuals acting in their own self-interest created economic progress. |
| The Individual | Yup, it's back again. As people began to turn away from the Church and royalty for guidance, they turned to themselves. The philosophes encouraged people to use their own ability to reason in order to judge what is right or wrong. They argued that government was formed by individuals to promote their own welfare. |
| Candide | Written by Voltaire in 1759, it attacks a philosophy called Optimism, which held that all is right in the world. The young man, whose name is the title, encounters the most awful disasters and human evils. At one point he meets a slave in South America who explains why he is missing a leg and and a hand. |
| William Hogarth | English artist who often used satire in his paintings. In the painting Canvassing for Votes, he comments on political corruption. While the candidate flirts with ladies on the balcony, his supporters offer a man money for his vote. |
| Johnathan Swift | The narrator of Gulliver's Travels in 1726, an English doctor named Lemuel Gulliver, takes four disastrous voyages that leave him stranded in strange lands. In onw section he tries to win points with the king of Brobdingnag-a land of giants- by offering to how him how to make guns and cannons. |
| Brobdingnag | A land of giants in Gulliver's Travels. |
| Paris and the Enlightenment | Paris was the intellectual and cultural capital of Europe. Young people from around Europe and the Americas came to study, philosopholize, and enjoy the culture of the bustling city. The brightest minds gathered there. It was most intense in the mansions of several wealthy women of Paris. Cough cougars cough. There is their large drawing rooms, these hostesses held regular social gatherings called salons. At these events, philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas. |
| Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin | The most influential of the salon hostesses in Voltaire's time. She helped finance the project of a leading philosophe named Denis Diderot. Diderot created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He called it the Encyclopedia and began publishing the first volumes in 1751. |
| Denis Diderot | Was financed by Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin. He was a leading philosophe. He created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He called it the Encyclopedia and began publishing the first volumes in 1751. The Enlightenment views expressed in the articles soon angered the French government and the Church. Their censors banned the work. They said it undermined royal authority, encouraged a spirit of revolt, and fostered "moral corruption, irreligion, and unbelief." He continued to publish it though. |
| Encyclopedia | Was financed by Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin and written by Denis Diderot who was a leading philosophe. He created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He began publishing the first volumes in 1751. The Enlightenment views expressed in the articles soon angered the French government and the Church. Their censors banned the work. They said it undermined royal authority, encouraged a spirit of revolt, and fostered "moral corruption, irreligion, and unbelief." He continued to publish it though. |
| Baroque | An art style characterized by a grand, ornate design. It could be seen in ornate palaces like Versailles and in ornate paintings. It was typical in the 1600's and early 1700's. |
| Neoclassical | An art style characterized by the ideas and themes of classical Greece and Rome. It came in the late 1700's. Means new classical. |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | Composer from Germany who had dominated European music scene. He wrote dramatic organ and choral music. |
| George Friedrich Handel | Composer from England who dominated European music scene. He wrote dramatic organ and choral music. |
| Classical | A lighter and more elegant style of music that emerged with the Enlightenment. Three composers in Vienna, Austria were the leaders of the style. Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. |
| Classical Composers | Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. They were the leaders and were in Vienna, Austria. |
| Novels | A new style of literature which developed in the 18th century. They are lengthy works of prose fiction. Their works are had carefully crafted plots, used some suspense, and explored characters' thoughts and feelings. These were popular with middle-class audiences who liked the entertaining stories written in everyday language. Writers, including women, turned out a flood of novels in the 1700's(JANE AUSTEN YES!) |
| Pamela | Written by Samuel Richardson it is considered the first true English novel. It tells the story of a young servant girl who refuses the advances of her master. |
| Samuel Richardson | Wrote Pamela, it is considered the first true English novel. It tells the story of a young servant girl who refuses the advances of her master. |
| Tom Jones | Written by Henry Fielding, it tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady. |
| Henry Fielding | Wrote Tom Jones, it tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady. |
| Enlightened Despots | Monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment ideas. |
| Despot | Absolute ruler |
| Frederick the Great | 1712-1786. Also called the Great, he was the son of Frederick William of Prussia who worried he was not military enough to rule. He loved music, philosophy, and poetry. In 1730 he and a friend tried to run away together, they were caught. The king ordered him to witness his friend's beheading. Despite this he became king, followed his father's military policies but softened some of his laws. With domestic affairs he encouraged religious toleration and legal reform. He was raised as a Calvinist but was an atheist. He died without a son to succeed him. He took to the throne in 1740 and that same year sent an army to occupy Silesia, beginning the War of the Austrian Succession. Prussia gained Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. When he heard of Maria Theresa's alliance with France he allied with Britain. In 1756 he attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally. Thus began the Seven Years' War. A lot of "blank years' wars." He granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education, reformed the justice system, and abolished the use of torture. |
| Joseph II | Son and successor of Maria Theresa. He ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790. He introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press. He supported freedom of worship even for Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews. He abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash. Nobles resisted this change. Like many of his reforms, it was undone after his death. |
| Catherine the Great | Daughter of a minor German prince, she was 15 when she married the Grand Duke Peter, heir to the Russian throne. Peter was mentally unstable. She made important friends with Russia's army officers and became the most intelligent and well informed person at court. In 1762, only months after her husband became czar, she had him arrested and confined. He conveniently died. Yeah she sounds lovely. The ruler most admired by reformers. She ruled Russia from 1762-1796 but lived from 1729-1796. She was well educated and read works of philosophes and exchanged many letters with Voltaire. She ruled with absolute monarchy but sought to reform Russia. In 1767 she formed a commission to review Russia's laws. She presented it with a brilliant proposal for reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria. Among other changes, she recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing torture and capital punishment. None of these were accomplished. After a serf revolt in 1773 she convinced herself that she needed nobles' support to keep her throne. |
| First Partition of Poland | The Polish king was weak and in 1772 Russia, Prussia, and Austria all took a piece. In further partitions in 1793 and 1795, they grabbed the rest of Poland's territory. Poland disappeared as an independent country for more than a century. |
| Navigation Act | Passed by British Parliament in 1651 this trade law prevented colonists from selling their most valuable products to any country except Britain. In addition, colonists had to pay high taxes on French and Dutch goods. This angered many but worked out for both sides. Britain bought American raw goods for cheap prices and sold manufactured goods to colonists. |
| French and Indian War | Broke out in 1754. Got its name because the French enlisted the help of many Native Americans. The fighting lasted until 1763, Britain won and seized nearly all of the French territory in North America. |
| Stamp Act | Passed by British Parliament in 1765, this ordered colonists to pay a tax to have an official stamp put on wills, deeds, newspapers, and other printed material. Colonists had never paid taxes directly to the British government before. |
| Boston Tea Party | In 1773 to protest an import tax on tea, a group of colonists dressed as Indians dumped a large load of British tea into the Boston harbor. No, this was not my club that raises money. Yes, this is where the Tea Party conservatives get their name from. George III ordered the British navy to close down the port of Boston. |
| First Continental Congress | In September of 1774, representatives from every colony except Georgia gathered in Philadelphia. This group protested the treatment of Boston. When the king paid little attention to their complaints, they formed a second one to decide their next move. |
| Second Continental Congress | The first occurred in September of 1774, representatives from every colony except Georgia gathered in Philadelphia. They group protested the treatment of Boston. When the king paid little attention to their complaints, they formed a second one to decide their next move. They voted to raise an army and organize for battle under the command of a Virginian named George Washington. In July 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson. |
| Battle of Lexington and Concord | Because the book is so cool as to not officially name this. On April 19, 1775 British soldiers and American militia-men exchanged gunfire on the village green in Lexington, Massachusetts. The fighting then spread to Concord. Shot that was heard around the world. |
| Declaration of Independence | Issued in July 1776 and written by Thomas Jefferson. It was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment. It reflected these ideas in its argument for natural rights. Will Smith movie, if anything you should all know how this starts out. Just remember, life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. It included a long list of George III's abuses. It ended by declaring the colonies separation from Britain. |
| Reasons for American Success | American motivation for fighting much stronger than British. Overconfident British generals made many mistakes in underestimating. Fighting overseas was much more expensive than it was for Americans. Louis XVI entered the war in 1778. |
| Battle of Yorktown | In 1781, 9500 Americans and 7800 French trapped a British army commanded by Lord Cornwallis near Yorktown, Virginia. Unable to escape, Cornwallis surrendered and the colonists won. |
| Thirteen Original Colonies | Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia |
| Articles of Confederation | As victory became certain all 13 colonies ratified a constitution in 1781. They established the United States as a republic, a government in which citizens rule through elected representatives. Deliberately created a weak government, there was only one body of government, Congress. Each state had one vote in congress. Congress could declare war, enter treaties, and coin money. Had no power to collect taxes or regulate trade. |
| Republic | a government in which citizens rule through elected representatives. |
| Congress | One body of government under the Articles of Confederation. . Each state had one vote. It could declare war, enter treaties, and coin money. Had no power to collect taxes or regulate trade. It could only request contributions from states. Angry war veterans complained that they were still owed money for service. So, states issued their own money and tariffs. In February 1787, they approved a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The first session was held on May 25, 1787. They had legislative power. |
| Constitutional Convention | In February 1787 this was approved by Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation. The first session was held on May 25, 1787. The 55 delegates were experienced statesmen. For almost four months the delegates debated. They signed the new Constitution on September 17, 1787. To become law it needed approval from 9 of the 13 states. In order to gain support from Antifederalists, the Bill of Rights was added. |
| Federalists | Those who supported the Constitution. They argued in their famous work, the _____ Papers, that the new government would provide a better balance between national and state powers. In order to get the Constitution passed they added the Bill of Rights. These ten amendments protected basic rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. |
| Antifederalists | Those who were against the Constitution. They refused to approve it until the Bill of Rights was added to it. These ten amendments protected basic rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. |
| Checks and Balances | In the new American form of government there were three branches-legislative, executive, and judicial. This system allowed each branch to check the actions of the other two. |
| Federal System | System that divided power amongst the national and state government. |
| Bill of Rights | These ten amendments protected basic rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. The Antifederalists demanded it be added to the Constitution before approving it. |
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