Chapter 27
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Created by:
shannon8122 on March 7, 2011
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Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anarchists | political groups that sought the abolition of all formal govt; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881 |
| Bolsheviks | literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution |
| emancipation of hte serfs | tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land |
| diet | Japanese parliament est. as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise govt, but not to control |
| kulaks | agri. entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agri. production and buy additional land |
| Russo-Japanese War | war btwn Japan and Russia (1904-1905) over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance |
| duma | natl parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution |
| Sergei Witte | Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; econ modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia |
| intelligentsia | Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th cent. group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the W |
| Stolypin reforms | reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry |
| trans-Siberian railroad | constructed in 1870s to connect European Russian w/ the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role |
| terakoya | commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40%, of Japanese male |
| Sino-Japanese War | war fought btwn Japan and Qing China btwn 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japananese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims b/c of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula |
| Holy Alliance | alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the est. order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe |
| Crimean War | fought btwn 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II |
| Matthew Perry | American commodore who visited Edo Bay w/ Amer. fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to Amer. trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for Amer. trade w/ Japan in1854 |
| Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov | better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 |
| Decembrist uprising | political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I |
| yellow peril | W term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased W imperialism in region |
| zaibatsu | huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization |
| zemstvoes | local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in govt; councils had no impact on national policy |
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