Bio Ch. 6
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17 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Slow Fibers | - sustain repeated contractions but don't generate a lot of quick power for body - long distance running - aerobically= using oxygen |
| Fast Fibers | - contract more quickly and powerfully - fatigue easily - function with short bursts of energy such as sprints and weights - anaerobically= WITHOUT using oxygen - thicker |
| Cellular Respiration | - the aerobic harvesting of energy by muscle cells (or other cells) - yields O2, H20, and large amounts of ATP - perfect for long term muscle contraction - exergonic - banks energy in ATP molecules - 38 ATP -40% of a glucose molecules potential energy - 3 main stages (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) - water and CO2 also produces |
| Energy Necessary for Life | 1. growth, transport 2. manufacture, movement 3. reproduction, and others - Energy that supports life on Earth is captured from sun rays reaching Earth through plant, algae, protist, and bacterial photosynthesis - Energy in sunlight is used in photosynthesis to make glucose from CO2 and H2O with release of O2 - Cellular respiration uses O2 and energy in sugar and releases CO2 and H20 |
| Breathing and Cellular Respiration | - breathing supplies O2 to our cells for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2 - provides an exchange |
| kilocalories (kcal) | - is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water by 1 degree C - used for body maintenance and voluntary activities - adult needs about 2,200 kcal per day |
| Redox reaction | - movement of electrons from one molecule to another - oxidation= loss of electrons from one substance - reduction= addition of electrons to anothher substance - cellular respiration |
| Cells tap energy from electrons "falling" from organic fuels to oxygen | - The energy necessary for life is contained in the arrangement of electrons in chemical bonds in organic molecules - When the carbon-hydrogen bonds of glucose are broken, electrons are transferred to oxygen - oxygen is a strong attraction to electrons (lose potential enegry) - dehydrogenase removes electrons in H atoms from fuel molecules (oxidation) and transfers them to NAD+ - NADH passes electrons to an electron transport chain - electrons fall from carrier to carrier and finally to O2, releasing energy in small quantities - if energy released by being burnt, it dissipated as heat and light which is unavaliable |
| Glycolysis | - occurs in cytoplasm - begins respiration by breaking glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate - yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH - small amounts of ATP |
| Citric Acid Cycle | - occurs in mitochondria - breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and supplies the third stage with electrons - 2 carbons enter the cycle through acetyl CoA, - 2 CO3, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP exit the cycle - turning of cycle repeats - small amounts of ATP |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | - occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane - During this stage, electrons (NADH and FADH2) are shuttled through the electron transport chain - picks up H+ to form water - energy released by these redox reactions is used to pump H+ into the space between the membranes of mitochondrion - As a result, ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis (H diffuses back across inner membrane down its concentration gradient, leading to ATP synthesis) - large amounts of ATP - uses oxygen ti extract chemical energy from organic compounds |
| Chemiosmosis | - potential energy of this concentration gradient( of H+) is used to make ATP |
| ATP synthases | - protein complexes built into the inner membrane that synthesis ATP - concentration gradient drices the diffusion of H+ |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | - an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP forming ATP - prduces small amounts of ATP in glycolysis and citric acid cycle |
| Acetyl CoA | - high-energy fuel molecule for the citric acid cycle - pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle, what its converted to |
| Fermentation | - enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen - anaerobic(without oxygen) energy generating process - muscle cells, cheeses, yeasts, yogurt, alcohol - NAD+ is recycled from NADH as pryvate is converted to lactate or alcohol/CO2 - lactic= muscles - alcohol= winemaking, brewing, baking *yeasts= single celled fungi normally use aerobic respiration * CO2 provides bubbles in champaigne |
| Three other sources for generation of ATP | 1. carbs 2. proteins 3. fats - use some food molecules and intermediates from glycolysis and citric acid cycle as raw matierals |
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