| Term | Definition |
| Archaean | formation of oceans, atmosphere, and continents; bacteria |
| proterozoic | oxygen build-up; multicelled organism |
| cambrian | invertebrate sea life proliferating during this and the following period |
| ordovician | diverse marine life, including vertebrakes. vascular plants |
| silurian | coral reefs, giant scorpions, first jawed fish |
| devonian | numerous fish, other sea life, many plants, first trees, wingless insects |
| carboniferous | maximum coal formation in swampy forests, insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish, clams, crustatceans |
| permian | large reptiles, amphibians, most species became extinct |
| triassic | early dinosaurs, crocodiles, turtles, first mammals |
| jurassic | many seagoing reptiles, early large dinosaurs, later, flying reptiles and earliest known birds |
| cretaceous | dinosaurs and other reptiles dominate; seed bearing plants appear |
| paleogene | rich insect fauna, early bats, increasingly diverse varieties of mammals and birds |
| neogene | further development of birds and mammals. Various forms of humans, including homo sapiens. |
| Precambrian | this era has no defined lower limit, but encompasses about 90% of earth's hisotry |
| Paleozoic | this era began 542 million yeras ago. It came from the greek words for old and animal. |
| Mesozoic | this era began 251 million years ago. It was the age of reptiles. |
| Cenozoic | this began 66 million yeras ago and includes the geological present. the age of Mammals. |