Izzy's AP Psych Ch 08
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Created by:
israelgreg on October 22, 2008
Subjects:
Classes:
Freman Class of 2014, Izzy's AP Psychology
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | Learning that certain events occur together - the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence |
| classical conditioning | A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli |
| behaviorism | The view that psychology (a) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes - most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that uncondiionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| acquisition | The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response |
| spontaneous recovery | The reappearnce, after a rest period, of an extinquished conditioned response |
| generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli which do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| respondent behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
| operant behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | Throndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber (Skinner box) | A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking - used in operant conditioning research |
| shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal |
| reinforcer | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| primary reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through it association with a primary reinforcer (also known as secondary reinforcer) |
| continuous reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time - results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed-ratio schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| overjustification effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do - the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task |
| intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective |
| extrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| observational learning | Learning by observing others |
| modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so - the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy |
| prosocial behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior |
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