Urological studies
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Created by:
jenryder78 on March 8, 2011
Subjects:
comprehensive radiographic procedures
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 renal pelvis | the proximal expanded end of the ureter lying within the renal sinus. |
| minor calyces | receive urine from the collecting tubules of the renal pyramids and convey it to the major calyces |
| major calyces | empty into the renal pelvis |
| Urine is carried down the ureters by | peristaltic waves |
| vesicoureteral junction | located at the distal end of the ureter, where it unites with the urinary bladder |
| Prior to the start of an IV urogram, which of the following procedures should be carried out? | 1. Have patient empty the bladder. 2. Review the patient's allergy history. 3. Check the patient's creatinine level. |
| emptying the bladder is advised | to avoid dilution of the contrast agent. Diluted contrast within the bladder will not affect the diagnosis of renal abnormalities, but it may obscure bladder abnormalities |
| The normal BUN level is | 8 to 25 mg/100 mL |
| normal creatinine range is | 0.6 to 1.5 mg/100 mL |
| Which of the following radiologic procedures requires that a contrast medium be injected into the renal pelvis via a catheter placed within the ureter? | Retrograde urography |
| Retrograde urography requires | ureteral catheterization so that a contrast medium can be introduced directly into the pelvicalyceal system |
| This procedure provides | excellent opacification and structural information but does not demonstrate the function of these structures |
| IV studies such as the IVU demonstrate | function |
| Cystourethrography is | an examination of the bladder and urethra, frequently performed during voiding |
| Nephrotomography | is performed after IV administration of a contrast agent; it may be used to evaluate small intrarenal lesions and renal hypertension. |
| The oblique IVU projections should be approximately | 30°; this position significantly changes the position of the kidneys |
| When the abdomen is obliqued, the kidney of the "down" side is | perpendicular to the IR; the kidney of the "up" side is parallel to the IR |
| Which of the following examinations require(s) special identification markers in addition to the usual patient name and number, date, and side marker? | 1. IVU 2. Tomography 3. Abdominal survey |
| IVU images should indicate | the amount of time elapsed postinjection |
| Tomographic images should indicate | the fulcrum level |
| Abdominal survey images should be marked according to | body position (such as erect or decubitus) |
| Which of the following conditions is often the result of ureteral obstruction or stricture? | Hydronephrosis |
| Hydronephrosis | a collection of urine in the renal pelvis due to obstructed outflow, as from a stricture or obstruction |
| If the obstruction occurs at the level of the bladder or along the course of the ureter, it will be accompanied by | the condition of hydroureter above the level of obstruction. |
| These conditions may be demonstrated during | IV urography |
| pyelonephrosis | refers to some condition of the renal pelvis |
| Nephroptosis | refers to drooping or downward displacement of the kidneys. This may be demonstrated using the erect position during IV urography. |
| Cystourethritis | inflammation of the bladder and urethra |
| During intravenous (IV) urography, the prone position is generally recommended to demonstrate | 1. the filling of ureters. 2. the renal pelvis. |
| The kidneys lie | obliquely in the posterior portion of the trunk, with their superior portion angled posteriorly and their inferior portion and ureters angled anteriorly |
| Therefore, to facilitate filling of the most anteriorly placed structures, the patient is examined in the | prone position |
| Opacified urine then flows to the most dependent part of the kidney and ureter: | the ureteropelvic region, inferior calyces, and ureters. |
| With which of the following is zonography associated? | 1. Thick tomographic cuts 2. Less blurring than with pluridirectional tomography because a narrow exposure angle is used |
| zonogram | a thick tomographic section, or "cut"; it appears more similar to conventional radiography. A thick tomographic slice is produced by using a short exposure amplitude (arc), resulting in limited blurring of the radiographic image |
| Pluridirectional tomography produces | maximal blurring of the radiographic image and generally uses a long exposure amplitude, resulting in a thin tomographic section or "cut." |
| When the erect position is requested as part of an IVU, it is used to demonstrate | kidney mobility |
| With the patient erect, the kidneys normally | change position, dropping no more than 2 inches. More marked dropping of the kidney is termed nephroptosis, a condition that is actually due to loss of the surrounding perinephric fat |
| Which of the following radiologic examinations can demonstrate ureteral reflux? | Voiding cystourethrogram |
| The vesicourethral orifice, as well as other sphincter muscles, relaxes during | urination; however, the vesicoureteral orifices may also relax and cause reflux. |
| What should you do if you discover while taking the patient history that a patient scheduled for an intravenous urogram (IVU) takes Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) daily? | 1. Reschedule the examination until the patient has been off Glucophage for 48 hours. 2. Instruct the patient to withhold the Glucophage for 48 hours after the examination. |
| Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) | is used as an adjunct to appropriate diet to lower blood glucose level in patients who have type 2 diabetes and whose hyperglycemia is not being managed satisfactorily with diet alone |
| Patients on Glucophage who are having intravascular iodinated contrast studies can develop | an acute alteration of renal function or acute acidosis |
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