India Handout 1 & Notes
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99 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Indus Valley Civilization | Also known as Harappan and/or Dravidian culture |
| Animism | belief in nature spirits/deities |
| Anthropomorphic | having human form or characteristics |
| Motif | a distinct design element |
| Iconography | the use of signs and symbols to identify a subject in art; the study of signs and symbols in art |
| Shiva (Siva) | 3rd member of the Hindu trinity, emblematic of both destruction and procreative power, believed by some to have evolved from ancient Dravidian beliefs |
| Naturalism | adhering as closely as possible to the appearance of the natural world |
| Aryan Invasion | c.1500-1200 BC |
| Vedas | literary texts of the Aryans; term applied to the 4 religious books containing the sacred knowledge for the performance of Brahmanic priestly ritual |
| Epics | the Ramayana and Mahabharata, Aryan-Vedic literary texts |
| Caste System | Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Shudra (Sudra) |
| Buddha | also called Siddhartha, Gautama, Sakyamuni |
| c.272-232 BC | the most famous ruler of Mauryan Empire, Ashoka, ruled from (c.BLANK-BLANK BC) |
| Capital | decorative top of a column |
| Column | in architecture, the cylindrical, vertical support member in a post and lintel system of construction is called a BLANK |
| Post and Lintel (system) | a type of architectural construction in which two vertical members (posts) support horizontal members (lintels) |
| Chakravartin | "The Universal King," title adopted by King Ashoka |
| Stupa | Buddhist relic mound |
| Aniconic | represented as a symbol rather than as a representational likeness |
| Axis Mundi | "world axis" |
| Torana | in Indian architecture, a monumental gate |
| Vedika | railing, outer wall or fence surrounding a scared structure, such as a stupa |
| Jataka | "Birth stories," tales of previous incarnations of the Buddha in either human or animal form |
| Narrative | art that tells a story |
| Yaksha | male dravidian nature spirit associated with fertility |
| Yakshi | female dravidian nature spirit associated with fertility |
| Mithuna | "living couple" motif consisting of a pair of male and female figures, often in an amorous attitude; the motif is believed to bring fertility, good luck and protection, and is believed to derive from ancient Dravidian art and customs, related to yaksha and yakshi figures |
| Relief | in sculpture, figures projecting from a background of which they are a part |
| Freestanding Sculpture | sculpture in the round |
| Facade | in architecture, the principal face(s) of a structure |
| Arch | a curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally |
| Chaitya Arch | a distinctive arch form in Indian architecture, the double curved or pointed arch |
| Chaitya | sanctuary or shrine |
| Indu-gangetic Plane | majority of ancient Indian population lived on the left side of India in the... |
| 1924 | What year was the discovery of ancient Indian civilization? |
| Sir Mortimer Wheeler | British archaeologist |
| railroad | The Indus Valley Civilization was uncovered during the development of a |
| Mohenjo-Daro | Which city was built on artificial mounds to avoid the possibility of floods? |
| Grid plan | The type of plan builders followed in Mohenjo-Daro is... |
| motif | The trefoil on the Bust Priest/King is an example of a... |
| inlay | the artistic method in which the trefoil was applied on the Bust Priest/King; taking some material and applying to the surface of other material with metal and paste |
| ethnographic analogy | Studying practices of living cultures and taking info and applying it to a culture of past that is of a relative cultural tradition or similar stage of cultural development. |
| Representational | (of a style of art) showing things as they actually appear in real life |
| Plan | Graphic representation of the layout of building or site; heavy dark elements: touch the ground or bear weight. Super structure: above ground. |
| "dashed lines" | indicates reconstruction on a plan |
| Stylized | reduction or simplification of form, according to a series of conventions |
| outside | lowerclass farmers tended to live BLANK of the city |
| plain (simple, little adorement) | surviving IVC architecture is pretty BLANK; the great bath is an example of this trend |
| ritual purification | The great bath was used for... |
| Mother goddess | In IVC, she was responsible for procreation of people, plants and animals. |
| Shiva | worshiped as the "lord of the beasts," eventually becomes associated with birth and destruction |
| amulets | The seals were commonly used to seal contracts and to wear as... |
| Phallus (PENIS) | The Dravidian people practiced phallic worship and were known as the "people of the BLANK" |
| Aryans | Pastoral, people who herded animals, people who invaded the non-warlike IVC were called the BLANKS; also known as "the noble ones" |
| Aryan Invasion | Some scholars argue we should play down the militarism aspect of the... |
| Hinduism | BLANK emerged as a blending of Aryan and native Indian cultures--initially known as "Aryan-vedic" |
| Vedas | Originally a collection of oral poems and hymns. not put down to written form until around 1000 BC. The aryan-vedic texts also known as the... |
| avatars | In Hinduism, there is only one god with multiple... |
| Brahman | All priests are from the BLANK caste; not all of this caste are priests, but it is a prerequisite to be a priest. |
| Vaishya | The merchant/trader class, "derived from the thighs," is known as... |
| Buddhism and Jainism | Social revolution took place around 600 BC against Aryan-vedic hierarchy, resulting in two new religions: |
| Ahimsa | Buddhism and Jainism stress non-violence or... |
| Gautama | Buddha, born a prince, also known as Siddhartha, was born to the family name.... |
| Sakyamuni | Buddha's sage name of the sakya clan... |
| Buddha | He was conceived as an elephant, born from her side, under the sacred tree... |
| royalty | Most Buddhist early artwork, such as Dream of Queen Maya, was commissioned by BLANK |
| Karma | sum and consequences of one's actions in a phase of existence; the path people must follow to break chain of human suffering, and to achieve enlightenment |
| moderation | Man must follow the middle path of |
| 8 | how many paths? kindness to all living things, purity of heart, charity , etc. |
| Nirvana (salvation) | extinction of karma |
| No | was Buddha considered a deity in HIS time? |
| Vaishya | Buddhism was very important to the merchant class, also known as the BLANK caste |
| Mauryan | the rulers of this empire united large political territory in India around 322-185 BC...known as the BLANK empire |
| conquest | Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire, inspired by the imperialism of Alexander the Great, accomplished his imperial expansion of India through... |
| Ashoka (the Great) | The earliest and most renowned patron of Buddhism and Buddhist art in Asia; he is said to have found the many bodies of a battle field abhorrent; so he decided to roll Buddha-style. |
| Mauryan | Buddhism was the official state religion of which empire, under the rule of Ashoka. |
| True | Ashoka used Buddhism as a political tool to gain control of the merchant middle class--true or false? |
| Mauryan Polish | Mauryan art pieces are very shiny, as opposed to the typically grainy sandstone; this shininess is known as... |
| Chakravartin | Ashoka adopted the title of BLANK or "turner of the wheel." Ashoka claimed to extend his empire peacefully throughout the world; yet, he conquered, AND THEN imposed a "non-violence" state religion--how convenient? |
| Edicts | The BLANKS were made out to be Buddhist reforms, but were actually state-ruled mandates. (pillars of Ashoka) |
| Andhra Period | succeeded Mauryans--but continued the Maurayn tradition of official state patronage of Buddhism; idealized Ashoka. This period is known as the |
| The Buddha, the Dharma and the monks | 3 jewels of Buddhism? Each chatra is symbolic of these 3 jewels. |
| Mandala | a cosmic diagram |
| True | Stupas are actually solid--"dome" being a bit of a misnomer. True or false? |
| False | The toranas were decorated with immoral stories intended to mislead pilgrims. True or false? |
| Chaitya | The BLANK monument is one of the most well-known pieces of the Andhra period |
| 70% | Chaitya arch displaces what percentage of the weight of the super structure to the sides? |
| True | The Chaitya Hall plan is axial and longitudinal--true or false? |
| True | We suspect the Mithuna couple found on the Chaitya Hall to have been the donors of the project. True or false? |
| c.2000-1750 BC | The Robed Male Figure, or Bust of Priest-King (or Deity), is made of steatite and dates to (c.BLANK-BLANK BC) |
| The Great Bath | At Mohenjo-Daro, what is made of mud brick and dates to c.2300-1750 BC |
| Indus Valley Civilization/Harappan Culture | The "Mother Goddess" figure is made of clay and dates to c.2300-1750 BC; in what period was it created? |
| c.2300-1750 BC | The seals found in the Indus Valley, such as the Bull and Yogi Figure surround by Animals, date to... |
| (The) Mauryan (Period) | The Edict Pillar of Ashoka, made of stone, dating to c.242 BC, was created during which period? |
| (The) Shunga (Period) | Dream of Queen Maya, made of sandstone, dating to around the 2nd century BC, was created in which period? |
| Mauryan and Andhra (Periods) | Stupa I (The Great Stupa) at Sanchi, made of earth and stone, dating from the 3rd century BC through the 1st century AD, is attributed to which two periods? |
| 1st century AD | From what century are the Andhra Period Toranas, made of stone, from Stupa I, believed to have been created? |
| The Chaitya Hall | What art piece, created during the Andhra Period; dating between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD; made of stone, can be found at Karli? |
| (The) Andhra (Period) | The Mithuna Couple or Donor Couple, found on the Facade of the Chaitya Hall at Karli, dating from the 1st-2nd century AD, made of stone, is attributed to which period? |
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