1.
2 Reasons for an uneven sex ratio in offspring: 1-local mate competition results when a small group of related individuals are mating(siblings for ex:wasps, bees) - more females
2- condition dependent sex allocation results in
2.
2 ways to be hermaphroditic: 1-simultaneous
2-sequential
3.
4 ways of Sex Determination: sex chromosomes, hormonal signaling, environment, pheromone signaling between individuals
4.
anisogamy: reproduction by the union or fusion of two differing gametes (especially differing in size)
5.
Assortative mating: (Hardy‐Weinberg violation) nonrandom mating in which individuals mate preferentially according to phenotype
-Can increase linkage disequilibrium (usually more homozygotes)
-Can reduce effective population size, thus increasing genetic drift and reducing genetic variation
6.
isogamy: reproduction by the union or fusion of gametes of the same size and structure
7.
monogamy: one female mates with one male
8.
Monogamy or polygamy ?: 1-if raising offspring takes two=monogamy, if not=polygamy
2-if breeding season is short monogamy guarantees mates
3-sexual conflict
a)males are limited by the number of females, while females are limited by # of offspring
b)males want sole access to mates
c)females want best quality offspring
9.
Muller's Ratchet: Sexual reproduction is so common bc it solves problem of mutational accumulations in generations; sex via recombination produces organisms with small genetic (mutational) load
10.
polyandry: one female with "many males"
11.
polygamy: mating with more than one individual
12.
polygynandry: multiple males and females mate a social group
13.
polygyny: one male with "many females"
14.
promiscuity: both males and females mate with whomever is around
15.
protandry favored when . . .: only the largest males get access to females
16.
protogyny favored when . . .: females mate with multiple males and larger females can produce far more offspring than smaller ones
17.
Red Queen hypothesis: each species has to run (evolve) as fast as possible just to stay in place -- because predators, competitors, and parasites also continue to evolve
18.
self-fertilization(selfing): a means of reproductive assurance, favored when growing season is short, mates are scarce, or, in plants where there are few pollinators
19.
Sequential Hermaphrodite: protandrous-"male first" then turn into females later
protogynous-"female first" then turn into males later
20.
Why not more than 2 sexes?: Hypothesis 1) sperm/eggs are an alternative strategy and any intermediate sized gametes weren't selectively favored
Hypothesis 2) increased number of sexes to mate would increase the cost of sex
