Islam
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Allah | Muslim God, one God |
| Caliph | A supreme political and religious leader in Muslim government |
| Qur'an | Holy book of Islam |
| Shari'a | A body of law governing the lives of Muslims, collection of Islamic law, based on the Quran and Sunna, "the path to be followed" |
| Hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims |
| Hijrah | Muhammad's migration to leave Mecca after a few of his followers were attacked |
| Shia | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendents as the rightful successors of Muhammad. Believe that descendants of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, and Ali are the only true successors to the prophect and are inspired by Allah. Believe Ali should've been the first Caliph after the death of Muhammad. |
| Mosque | An Islamic place of worship |
| Sufi | A muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God trhough mystical means |
| Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members ackowledge those that are most righteous as the rightful successors of Muhammad; not just related, but anyone that is religious. Believe the community should choose the Caliph that is pious enough and capable of becoming a leader, but not a religious authority. Believed that Abu Bakr should've been the first Caliph after Muhammad's death. |
| Five Pillars of Islam | Shahada, Salat, Sawm, Zakat, and Hajj |
| Shahada | Testimony of Faith, "There is no God but Allah, and Prophet Muhammad is His messenger. |
| Salat | Prayer, must pray 5 times a day, and do wuzu (washes according to ritual) before starting |
| Sawm | Fasting, must obtain from food, drink, and sexual relations during the month of Ramadhan |
| Zakat | Support of the needy, must donate a fixed amount of their property to charity each year |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage in Mecca, must make one atleast once in their lifetime |
| Prophet Muhammad | Born in 570 in Mecca, he was 6 when both his parents died and went to live with his uncle, Abu-Talib, who was the chief of his Quraysh clan, married Khadija (a widow) had 4 daughters and 2 sons (died). In 610, he is visited by the angel Gabriel when he is meditating a cave (Hira) told him that he will be the prophet to spread God's (Allah's) words, in 613 he got his followers of "Islam" for the next 9 years, in 622 he is forced to leave Mecca and flee to Medina, Abu Bakr goes with him on the trip known as Hijrah, he lived in Medina for the next 9 years, in 630 he returns to Mecca and he destroys the polytheistic idols in the Ka'aba, Islamic state centered around the two cities of Mecca and Medina, in 632 Muhammad died |
| Why was it easy for Muhammad to conquer the Arabian Peninsula? | There was no unified governments, so it was easy to unite the tribes, he conquered from Mecca to Medina to Jerusalem |
| Who was the first Caliph and what did he do? | Muhammad's close friend, Abu Bakr and he helped expand Islam into Persia (Egypt, Triply, Sasanid Empire, and Middle East) |
| Why was it easy for Abu Bakr to spread Islam? | They had excellent armies, the concept of Islamic Brotherhood, weakness of Persian and Byzantine Empires, and toleration of Jews and Christians |
| Who were the third and fourth Caliphs? | Umar and Usman |
| Who is the fourth Caliph and what does he do? | Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali. He continues expansion and his murder begins the most serious plit in Islam's history |
| Who took over during 661-750 period? | The Umayyad family, they continue to expand Islam, but Shia Muslims blame them for Ali's death |
| What countries do Muslims conquer during 634-718? | Persia, Spain, and the Middle East - not Constantinople |
| What happens in North Africa and when are they conquered? | Conquered in 634-732; the Berbers (native peoples) first resist, but later convert into Islam. From Africa, Islam spreads into Spain and Europe, and then Charles Martel stops them, but Spain remains Muslim |
| Moors | Spanish Muslims, they had to learn Arabic to study the Quran |
| Abbassid Dynasty | Founded by Abu alabbas, in the first 100 years of this dynasty it grows wealthy and powerful with the capital at Baghdad, Halagu Khan destroys Baghdad, between 815-1258 the Abbassid dynasty begins to dimish and become independent Muslim states, between 950-1250, the Seljuk Turks (people who migrated from central Asia) conquer Baghdad and much of the Middle East, but they keep the Abbassid Caliphate in place, they convert to Islam and defend the Middle East against the invasions of the Christian Crusades. |
| Imam | Leaders |
| Jihad | Struggle to overcome difficulties and do things that would be leasing to God, strive to respond positively to personal difficulties as well as world challenges |
| Lesser Jihad | What the Prophet Muhammad and his men struggled with after war, the external struggle against oppression |
| Greater Jihad | The Prophet Muhammad and his men struggled with this, the fight against evil within oneself |
| What standards did the Quran and Muhammad set for Muslims' conduct during war? | Fight to protect themselves from those who would do them harm or to make right froma terrible wrong |
| What values did Shari'ah promote? | Obedience, repect for others, and Muslim's duties toward God |
| What are 3 examples of behaviors that shari'ah regulates? | forbidden, discouraged, allowed, recommended, and obligatory |
| How has Shari'ah changed over the years? | Only some parts are applied to modern life instead of all |
| Hadith | What the Prophet Muhammad said and did, his life |
| Sunna | Rules and regulations of Muslim life, the ways by which Islamic belief and practice are regulated |
| Minaret | The column where the Muezzin does Adhan to call people to prayer |
| Sahn | Open courtyard, serves as a shade, relief from the heat, and shelter from rain. Could serve as a walkway to walk on so that people don't disturb others, it could be a meeting place, a community center where classes and meetings are, or a place to relax. The fountain is in the middle of the sahn where they could do wuzu before prayer |
| Iqamah | Second "Adhan" indicating the start of the congregated prayer |
| Minbar | Used as a place for the imam to do the khutba (Friday service.) He could stand or sit. It has a narrow staircase with handrails and a door at the foot. The Imam must preach from the lower step, top is left empty out of respect because it is where the Prophet gave his from. |
| Mihrab | Means refuge, where the Imam stands when leading the congregated prayer. Muslims face the Mihrab which faces the Ka'aba during prayer showing a unified approach to worship, a lamp hangs from it symbolizing "God is the light of the heavens and earth. Symbol of His light is a niche wherein is a lamp..." |
| Dome of a Mosque | Ensures visibility by lighting the entire prayer area, placed adajacent to the qiblah wall which faces the direction of the Ka'aba. Some have windows that allow for additional light (sunlight and moonlight) makes the mosque feel it's always open and inviting. Extra light creates a spiritual sense of warmth and openness. |
| Masjid Al Haram | Holies site in Islam, location of the Ka'aba, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Ka'aba originally a shrine containing Arab idols, built by Abraham and Ishmael, originally made of wood and cloth, neutral area for warring trives, toay site of Hajj. After circiling this 7 times, Muhammad smashed the idols unifying Arabs under Allah. |
| Ka'aba | Shrine in the Masjid Al Haram, holiest site in Islam, model of the House of God, corner stone, the Black Rock, meteorite, said to have fallen from Heaven and absorbs sins, once white but now black, only original part of Ka'aba remaining |
| Masjid al Nabawi | In Medina, second holiest city in Islam, site of the first mosque (Muhammad's house) grew to be a temple complex, contains tombs of Muhammad, Ali, and an empty tomb of Jesus. Believe that Jesus was double crucified and that he was taken into heaven and will return on the Day of Judgement to fight Anti-Christs |
| Dome of the Rock | Shrine in Jerusalem, not a mosque, third holiest site in Islam, Al Aqsa mosque nearby, built on Temple mount (site of Solomon's Temple) near Church of the Holy Sepulcher, contains stone where Abraham almost sacrificed his son to God, first stone laid in building world. Muhammad ascended into Heaven here, carried by Angel Gabriel, consulted with Moses and revelations and returned. Used as a sanctuary by the knight's temple during Solomon's temple, drew their name from belief. |
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