| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Pre-Conventional Level Punishment and obedience orientation Instrumental and relative orientation Conventional Level Interpersonal concordance orientation Law and order orientation Postconventional Level Social Contract orientation Universal orientation | kohlbergs model |
| Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, a pioneer in the field, concluded that there are 6 identifiable stages in a person's ability to deal with moral issues. He grouped these stages into 3 levels, each containing two stages The second stage at a given level is a more advanced and organized form of the first stage | kohlbergs model introduction |
| Punishment and Obedience Orientation - At this stage, the physical consequences of an act wholly determine the goodness or badness of that act. The child's reasons for doing the right thing are to avoid punishment or defer to the superior physical power of authorities. There is little awareness that others have needs similar to one's own. Instrument and Relativity Orientation- At this stage, right actions become those that can serve as instruments for satisfying the child's own needs or the needs of those for whom the child cares. | Pre-Conventional Level |
| Interpersonal Concordance Orientation - Good behavior at this early conventional stage is living to the expectations of those for whom one feels loyalty, affection, and trust, such as family and friends. Right action is conformity to what is generally expected in one\\ | Conventional Level |
| Social Contract Orientation - At this first post-conventional stage, the person becomes aware that people hold a variety of conflicting personal views and opinions and emphasizes fair ways of reaching consensus by agreement, contract, and due process. Universal Ethical Principles Orientation - At this final stage, right action comes to be defined in terms of moral principles chosen because of their logical comprehensiveness, universality, and consistency. Ethical principles are not concrete, like the Ten Commandments, but abstract general principles | Postconventional Level 1 |
| At the post conventional stages, the person no longer simply accepts the values and norms of the groups to which he or she belongs. Instead, the person now tries to see situations from a point of view that impartially takes everyone's interests into account. The person questions the laws and values that society has adopted and redefines them in terms of self-chosen moral principles that can be justified in rational terms. Most adults fall in stages 3 and 4 | postconventional level 2 |
| 1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (The good boy/good girl attitude) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) 5. Social contract orientation (Consensus and due process) 6. Universal ethical principles (Just laws, universal justice) | Kohlberg's model in short..... |
| Emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values No evidence to support that higher levels are morally better than lower levels Male oriented (Gilligan) | Critiquing Kohlberg's Model |
| Web of relationships Care Harmony Responsibility for self & others Non-violence Feeling Inductive Contextual | Gilligan |
| Sanctity of individual Fairness Reciprocity Rights of self & others Justice Objective Impartial Universalistic | Kohlberg |
| The reasoning process by which human behaviors, institutions or policies are judged to be in accordance with, or in violation of moral standards. Moral reasoning has two essential components: an understanding of what reasonable moral standards require, evidence or information concerning whether a particular policy, person, institution, or behavior has the features of these moral standards. People often fail to make their moral standards explicit when they make a moral judgment, mainly because they assume them to be obvious | Moral Reasoning |
| To evaluate the adequacy of moral reasoning, ethicists employ three main criteria: Moral reasoning must be logical. Factual evidence must be accurate, relevant, and complete. Moral standards must be consistent | Evaluating moral reasoning |
| Consistency refers not only to the fact that one | The consistency argument |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace