| Term | Definition |
|---|
| capsid | a protein shell enclosing the viral genome is called a ________ |
| viral envelopes | a membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome |
| host range | each type of virus can infect only a limited range of host cells, called its _______ ________ |
| lytic cycle | a phage reprodductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell is known as a ______ _______ |
| virolent phage | a phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle is a ________ ________ |
| restriction enzymes | when phage DNA successfully enters a bacterium, the DNA is often recognized as foreign and gets cup up by cellular enzymes called restriction endonucleases, or _________ ________ |
| lysogenic cycle | the ______ ______ replicates the phage genome without destroying the host |
| temperate phages | phages capable of using both modes of reproduction within a bacterium are called _______ ________ |
| prophage | when integrated into the bacterial chromosome, the viral DNA is known as a ___________ |
| retroviruses | the RNA animal viruses with the most complicated reproductive cycles are the ___________ |
| reverse transcriptase | retroviruses are equipped with an enzyme called _________ ___________, which transcribes an RNA template into DNA, providing an RNA --> DNA info flow |
| vaccines | _____ are harmless variants or derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses agaianst the actual pathogen |
| viroid | a plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long |
| prion | an infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins into more of these |
| nucleoid | without a bacterium, certain proteins cause the chromosome to tightly coil, densely packing it so that it fills only part of the cell, called the _____________ |
| transformation | the process of _________ is the alternation of a bacterial cell's genotype and phenotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA and from the surrounding environment. |
| transduction | in the process of _______, phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another as a result of aberrations in the phage reproductive cycle |
| conjugation | somoetimes referred to as bacterial "sex", __________ is the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined |
| F factor | the ability to form sex pili and donate DNA during conjugation results from the presence of a special piece of DNA called an _ ________. this can exist either as a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosome, or as a plasmid |
| plasmid | a ________ is a small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome |
| episome | a genetic element that can replicate either as part of the bacterial chromosome or independently of it is called an _______ |
| F plasmid | when the F factor and its plasmid form, it's called the _ _________ |
| R plasmids | bacterial plasmids carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics |
| transposable elements | the RNA of a single cell can under recombination owning to movement of _______ __________ within a cell's genome |
| insertion sequences | the simplest transposable elements; they exist only in bacteria |
| transposons | transposable elements longer and more complex than insertion sequences, called __________, also move in the bacterial genome |
| operator | the switch that can control the whole cluster of functional related genes |
| operon | the operator, promoter, and genes they contro constitute an ________ |
| regulatory gene | the trp repressor is the product of a _____ ______ called trpR, which is located some distance away from the operon it controls |
| corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off |
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