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transformation process in which one strain of bacteria appears to change into another one bacteriophage A virus that infects bacteria nucleotide monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base base pairing principle that states that only Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine chromatin consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins histone protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin replication process in which DNA makes a copy of itself DNA polymerase The enzyme which puts together the nucleotides in DNA replication gene sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait messenger RNA RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell ribosomal RNA type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes transfer RNA type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis transcription a process that takes place in a cell where DNA acts as a template to form mRNA RNA polymerase enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands during transcription promoter region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA intron sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein exon expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein codon a sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid translation decoding of an mRNA message into a polypetide chain anticodon group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complimentary to an mRNA codon mutation change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information point mutation gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides frameshift mutation mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide polyploidy condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes operon a group of genes that operate together operator region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is turned off differentiation process in which cells become specialized in structure and function hox gene series of genes that control the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo