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astronomy the study of celestial bodies rotation spinning of an object around its axis or center period of rotation time required for one full rotation; Earth's is 24 hours axis imaginary line running through the center of an object; Earth's runs between the North and South Poles circle of illumination the edge dividing daylight and darkness revolution the movement of one object around another period of revolution time required for one full revolution; Earth's is 365.25 days orbit the movement or path of one celestial body around another ellipse elongated circle; shape of planetary orbits around our sun satellite an object in orbit; can be natural or man-made momentum quantity that indicates how hard it would be to stop a moving object lines of latitude horizontal lines running east and west; all are parallel to the equator lines of longitude vertical lines running north and south; divide the globe into "orange-like" sections equator line of latitude at 0 degrees; divides the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres hemisphere half of a sphere prime meridian line of longitude at 0 degrees; divides the Earth into eastern and western hemispheres meridians lines of longitude tropic of cancer line of latitude at 23.5 degrees north tropic of capricorn line of latitude at 23.5 degrees south the tropics area of the Earth between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn direct sunlight light that comes in at a 90 degree angle so it is most concentrated; the most intense light; produces the greatest warming effect indirect sunlight light that is spread out; much less intense than direct light; produces a much smaller warming effect solar radiation energy emitted from the sun (in the form of electromagnetic radiation) winter solstice 1st day of winter and shortest day of the year; occurs on 12/21 or 12/22 in the northern hemisphere summer solstice 1st day of summer and longest day of the year; occurs on 6/21 or 6/22 in the northern hemisphere vernal equinox 1st day of spring; day and night each 12 hours; occurs on 3/20 or 3/21 in the northern hemisphere; AKA spring equinox autumnal equinox 1st day of fall; day and night each 12 hours; occurs on 9/22 or 9/23 in the northern hemisphere; AKA fall equinox December solstice same as winter solstice (NH); summer solstice (SH) June solstice same as summer solstice (NH); winter solstice (SH) March equinox same as spring or vernal equinox (NH); fall or autumnal equinox (SH) September equinox same as fall or autumnal equinox (NH); spring or vernal equinox (SH)