Path 9: Hyperemia and hemorrhage

6 Written Questions

1. a larger superficial hemorrhage
2. Hb (red-blue) -> bilirubin (blue, green) -> hemosiderin (brown) -> induces fibrosis; this takes weeks to happen
3. a pin point hemorrhage in skin or conjunctiva; represents rupture of capillary or arteriole -> if minor is harmless
4. hypovolemic shock
5. caused by right heart failure, Budd-Chiari syndrome -> central vein and sinusoids distended with blood -> degeneration of central hepatocytes
6. caused by left ventricular failure -> alveolar capillaries engorged, alveolar septal edema

6 Multiple Choice Questions

1. passing blood in stool
   1. Purpura
   2. Malena
   3. Petechiae
   4. Hyperemia
2. NUTMEG liver -> central region of hepatic lobule is reddish brown and are accentuated against the surrounding zones of uncongested tan liver -> centrilobular necrosis, hemorrhage, hemosiderin laden macrophages, long standing cases -> fibrosis
   1. Chronic congestion in liver
   2. Chronic pulmonary congestion
   3. Congestion
   4. Acute passive venous congestion in liver
3. diffuse superficial hemorrhage in the skin up to 1 cm in diameter
   1. Hyperemia
   2. Purpura
   3. Petechiae
   4. Malena
4. PASSIVE increase in the volume of blood in tissues (blue-red color) -> usually also accompanied by edema -> impaired venous flow from tissues (cardiac failure, venous obstruction) -> always pathological
   1. Petechiae
   2. Congestion
   3. Ecchymosis
   4. Hyperemia
5. extravasation of blood to the exterior of the body or into nonvascular body space due to rupture of blood vessels -> trauma, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, bleeding disorders -> in soft tissues is called hematoma
   1. Hemorrhage
   2. Hemoptysis
   3. Petechiae
   4. Severe hemorrhage
6. vomiting blood
   1. Hemoptysis
   2. Hyperemia
   3. Ecchymosis
   4. Hemitemesis

5 True/False Questions

1. Recurrent hemorrhage → causes iron deficient anemia (cancer in elderly males)

   True        False

2. Chronic pulmonary congestion → caused by left ventricular failure -> alveolar capillaries engorged, alveolar septal edema

   True        False

3. Brain stem hemorrhage → hemorrhage that causes sudden death

   True        False

4. Hyperemia → ACTIVE increase in the volume of blood in tissues (red) -> caused by arteriolar dilation -> physiological (blushing, skeletal muscle during exercise), pathological (inflammation)

   True        False

5. Hemoptysis → vomiting blood

   True        False