Cardiovascular
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Created by:
rjones6045 on March 12, 2011
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129 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is heart failure? | lack of CO |
| What is normal pulmonary pressure? | 25/10 |
| Why is right heart failure harder to treat? | less tissue to respond to therapy |
| What is pumping volume of a normal heart? | 3L/min |
| Cats don't ______ even with considerable amounts of fluid in the alveoli. | cough |
| Why is there hypotension with high tachycardia? | heart hasn't had time to fill between beats = less CO |
| Usually, by the time animals present w/ heart failure they've had _____ ____ for a long time. | cardiac dz |
| What does increased T4 do to body temp? | elevates |
| What is the pulse? | the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures |
| Heart failure, stenosis, shock, and pleural effusions give what quality of pulse? | hypokinetic |
| Exercise, anemia, water hammer, and shunts give what quality of pulse? | hyperkinetic |
| What are three aarhythmias that give variable quality pulses? | A fib, VPD's, APD |
| What is the difference between crackles and wheezes? | crackles = fluid in alveoli; wheezes = lower airway obstruction |
| What is heart sound S1? | closing of mitral valve before systole |
| What is heart sound S2? | closing of aortic valve (pulmonic valve) after systole |
| What is heart sound S3? | ventricular filling (large breeds/horses/ruminants only) |
| What is heart sound S4? | loud filling of hypertrophied L ventricle |
| What is a gallop rhythm? | when the S3 and/or S4 heart sounds are heard on ascultation |
| T/F transient murmurs are not common in puppies. | F; they are |
| Which group of dogs has a big problem with mitral valve insuf.? What kind of murmur would they have? | older, small breed; systolic, a "whoosh" between S1 and S2 |
| What is a holosystolic murmur? | a murmur heard thru all of systole with S1 and S2 still audible |
| What is a pansystolic murmur? | no heart sounds heard, only whoosing |
| A PDA will have a ________ murmur which is a washing machine sound that occurs thru systole and diastole. | continuous |
| Describe the sound of a mitral murmur. aortic? | mitral = plateau, no increase or decrease in volume aortic = crescendo then decrescendo |
| What is the most common murmur? | 3/6 holosystolic loudest over mitral valve |
| What is commonly the loudest murmur? | VSD |
| What is the sinus of velselva? | where the coronary arteries branch off of the aorta |
| How do you know when heart dz treatment is working? | resp. rate goes down and HR goes down |
| What is the best tool to diagnose cardiac enlargement? | ultrasound |
| Where does the neg. terminal of lead 2 go? pos? | right forelimb; left hind |
| What position does the animal need to be in for proper heart eval. w/ an EKG? | right lateral |
| What is the mnemonic for lead placement? | christmas in the rear of the year, green on the ground; news paper in hands, snow on the ground |
| 1cm on a EKG paper usually represents? | 1mV or .2 sec (1mm = .01 mV and .02 sec) |
| What would electrical interference usually be confused with on an EKG? | a fib. |
| What is the mean electrical axis norm in a dog? | +40 to +100 |
| Which two leads do you plot to find the mean electrical axis? which is on the y-axis? x? | lead 1 = x-axis; and aVF = y-axis |
| A mounded P wave indicates _____ while a peaked indicates _______. | left atrial enlargement; right atrial enlargment |
| What does the QRS complex represent? | septal and ventricular depolarization |
| An increased height of the QRS complex is associated with? | left ventricular enlargement |
| How many BOXES wide should the QRS complex be? | 2.5-3 boxes |
| What is the most common EKG abnormality? | increased QRS height; left vent. enlargment |
| Deep S waves are representative of? | right ventricular hypertrophy |
| What is the normal depth for an S wave? | 3 boxes |
| Describe the findings in a right bundle branch block. | Deep S, QRS prolonged (wide), decreased R wave height |
| Describe the differences in the R wave on a right and left bundle branch block. | right = small R waves, left = normal R waves |
| A wide QRS of normal height, and normal CO indicates? | left bundle branch block |
| What causes the change in R wave height in low-voltage complexes? | heart moving around in chest = pericardial effusion, plerual effusion, pneumothorax |
| What does depression of the ST segment below 5 boxes off baseline indicate? | myocardial hypoxia |
| If the T wave is more than a quarter of the amplitude of the R wave it indicates? | hypoxia |
| Which drug specifically increases the QT segment? | digoxin |
| What do beta-blockers do to the QT segment? | increase it |
| Which arrhythmia is described as having a p for every QRS but R R intervals vary? | sinus arrhythmia |
| Which arrythmia is directly correlated with respiration rate? | sinus arrhythmia |
| What is the treatment for sinus arrhythmia? | none |
| Describe the EKG of a wandering pacemaker arrhythima. | P waves from outside the SA node; variable morphology of P wave, variable P-R interval, |
| What is the preferred treatment for wandering atrial pacemaker? | none; no hemodynamic consequences |
| What is one drug that can ilicit any arrhythmia? | digoxin |
| A HR of under 60-70 in dogs, and less than 100 in cats with normal EKG shape? | sinus bradycardia |
| What is the treatment for sinus bradycardia? | remove the cause; atropine, glycopyrrolate;, terbutaline; isoproterenol, isopropamide, probanthing |
| What is an atropine test? | atropine is given to see if HR can be increased, if it is = too much vagal tone; if no effect = problem w/ heart |
| T/F a pacemaker is an option for sinus bradycardia. | T |
| What is the failure of the SA node for 1 or more beats? | sinus arrest |
| When do you see junctional escape beats in cats? | when HR is 80-100 BPM (bradycardia) |
| T/F junctional escape beats are preceded by p-waves. | F; no p wave |
| What HR will the AV node keep the heart at if the SA node is out of comission? | 40-60 BPM = junctional escape beats |
| What is needed to diagnose junctional escape beats? treatment? | prolonged cardiac monitoring; + chronotropes, pacemaker |
| What kind of EKG arrhythima would aortic thromboembolism have? why? | hyperkalemia; deoxygenated tissues release potassium, when reperfused after clot is removed = hyperkalemia |
| Tall T waves, absent P waves and a sinusoidal appearance to the entire EKG signals? | hyperkalemia |
| What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? | bi-carb, insulin, Ca gluconate as a cardioprotectant |
| What is the failure of transmission at the AV node? | AV block |
| What cardiac conduction dz is seen in pugs? | AV block |
| What is 1st degree AV block and what is its treatment? | increased PR interval, monitor/ no treatment |
| What is defined as intermittent failure of the AV node to conduct? PR interval increases until QRS is dropped and then another P wave... | 2nd degree AV block |
| Actual Dz of the AV node is the cause of this type of block. | 2nd degree |
| What is third degree AV block? | no AV conduction what so ever |
| At what heart rate do you start to see junctional escape beats? | 40-60 |
| What AV block is wrought with junctional escape beats and ventricular escape beats? | 3rd degree |
| What is the emergency treatment for AV block? | take drugs away (digoxin), treat -itis of the heart; isoproternol/dopamine |
| What increases survival of AV blocked animals the longest? | pacemaker |
| Intermittent failure of the AV system with random tachycardia and intermittent weakness can be thought to be due to? | sick sinus syndrome |
| What is atrial standstill? | no atrial activity and a fixed HR |
| Atrial myocarditis/dystrophy, DCM, electrolyte imbalances and drugs are all causes of this atrial dz. | atrial standstill |
| An increased HR w/ normal EKG is? | sinus tachycardia |
| Fear, pain, fever, anemia, and thyroid dz all cause this arrhythmia. | sinus tachycardia |
| What does an SPD look like? | variable P waves buried in the T wave, normal QRS, shortened RR intervals |
| 3 SPD's =? | superventricular tachycardia |
| Why will an SPD have a hypokinetic pulse? | heart hasnt had time to fill |
| Esmolol and diltiazem are used w/ SPD's to do what? | slow the heart |
| How does thumping the chest help treat SPD's? | stimulates vagus = increase para. tone = decrease HR |
| What are the three meds. used to maintain SPD patients? | digoxin, b-blockers, Ca channel blocker |
| Digoxin mainly works by ______ the heart. | slowing |
| T/F digoxin is a negative ionotrope. | f; it is not |
| What is a very common arrhythmia w/ DCM? | atrial fib |
| A normal QRS w/ no p waves and random RR intervals = ? | atrial fib |
| What does a heart sound like in atrial fib? | boots in a dryer |
| Atrial fib can cause HR of ? | 200 BPM driven by ventricular escape beats |
| A normal heart rate in atrial fib needs what treatment? | none; monitoring |
| A DCM in A fib is best treated w.? | digoxin, b-blockers |
| What is a good negative chronotrope to decrease HR? | aminodarone |
| What drug is contraindicated w/ cats in a-fib? | digoxin |
| What cardiomyopathy is can cause A fib in cats? | HCM |
| Which arrhythmia causes the sawtooth shape of the baseline? | atrial flutter |
| A wide bizzare QRS w/ no p wave that is premature =? | VPD |
| What are the only two types of premature beats? | Superventricular and Ventricular premature depolarization |
| A VPD originating in the right heart will deflect the QRS ? left heart? | positive/ negatve |
| A series of VPD's that are positive and negative means that? | ectopic foci are in both ventricles = worse prognosis |
| What is a fusion beat? | When a normal QRS and VPD combine and looks like you averaged the QRS and VPD shapes |
| What is bigeminy? | alternating normals QRS and VPD's |
| What arrhythmia is common in animals that suddenly die? | VPD's |
| What is the R-on-T? | When the heart is re-polarizing (T wave) it tries to initiate a QRS; heart is very sensitive during repolarization and the initiation of the QRS too early can take the heart into v-tach to v-fib to sudden death |
| German Shepherds = ? | DCM and VPD's |
| The VPD management is best done by treating? | the underlying cause |
| if over 10% of beats are VPD's, there are doublets/triplets of VPD's. R on T phenom. are all causes of increased chances of? | sudden death |
| What is the best drug of choice for ventricular tachy arrhythmias? | lidocaine |
| What is the def. of V tach? | > 3 VPD's back to back with a HR > 160-180 |
| T/F treatment of VPD's is very successful at stopping sudden death and eliminates the VPD's. | f; there will still be VPD's and a chance of sudden death |
| What is the difference between accelerated idioventricular rhythms and v-tach? | the HR = v-tach> 160-189, AIR = 60-80 BPM w/ EKG like v-tach |
| What is the treatment for AIR? | none; monitor |
| What is polymorphous v-tach? | torsades de pointes |
| V-fib is usually? | terminal |
| CPR, electrical cardioversion, and epi. are emergency treatments for? | v-fib |
| Describe the EKG of pre-excitation syndrome | a wave after the P wave = the delta wave |
| What does angiotensin 2 do to the vasculature? | veno/arterioconstriction |
| T/F the RAAS system can cause hypertrophy of the heart. | T |
| T/F furosemide affects the production of aldoseterone. | f; spironolactone |
| What is the standard of care for LCHF? why? | ACE inhibitors; furosemide causes increases in aldosterone = increased blood volume |
| What are the four phases of heart dz? | 1 =dz but no CS 2 = cough, dyspnea/ fatigue w/ exercise 3= cough dyspnea/ orthopnea at night or w/ any exercise 4 = cough, dyspnea, cyanosis at rest |
| DCM is best managed w/ this negative ionotrope. | b-blockers |
| What do you to to a refractory heart failure case? | max the ACE dose |
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