Chapter 22
Order by
47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Napoleon III | Previously called Louis Napoleon, was elected president of France, won favor w/ppl, universal suffrage, asked ppl permission to restore the Empire and 97% agreed and he became Emporer Napoleon III. |
| Haussmann | Under Napoleon III's instruction, he directed a vast reconstruction of Paris. Widened streets, spacious buildings, underground sewage system, public water supplt, gaslights. |
| Crimean War | Began as a war btw Russia and Ott Empire bc Russia wanted right to protect Christian shrines. Because the fighting was concentrated in the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea, Russia's transportation network of rivers and wagons failed to supply the distant Russian armies adequately. France and Great Britain, aided by Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire, inflicted a humiliating defeat on Russia. Destroyed the Concert of Europe. |
| Treaty of Paris | March 1856. Tsar Nicholas I dies 6 months before Russia is defeated in Crimean War, and Alexander II takes over. This treaty sues for peace for the powers; Russia gets the bad end of the bargain since she was humiliated so badly. |
| Florence Nightingale | English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War; founder of modern nursing. Insisted on strict sanitary conditions. |
| Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmonteste king. Almost united all of Northern Italy, but France backed out when Prussia wanted to enter the fight. |
| Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). "Hero of Two Worlds"- Italy& success in Latin America when he was in exile there. |
| Redshirts | Garibaldi's troops of 1,000 used in the unification of Italy |
| King Victor Emmanuel II | Became Piedmont king of the united Italy; Garibaldi wanted to gain control of Rome, but Cavour feared the France would declare war, seeing as the papacy would be at stake, and told him not to. He was a true patriot and agreed, and Italy agreed to unite instead of civil war. |
| Zollverein | Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity. Pretty soon all the German states except Austria join this. |
| Bismarck | A conservative prime minister of Prussia. He was an architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1870. He utilized liberal reforms to attracted support for conservative causes. "Blood and Iron" speech. |
| Realpolitik | "realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles |
| The Danish War | 1864, Austria and Prussia declare war on Denmark after the king tried to annex duchies of Schleswig and Holstein; conflict over how to deal with duchies led to war with Prussia |
| Austro-Prussian War | (7 Weeks War) Bismarck ensured the Russia and France would not intervene, allied with new Italian state and declared war with Austria. Austria was defeated and excluded from German affairs. |
| North German Confederation | Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, North German Confederation made under rulership of Prussia. Major step towards German unification. |
| Franco-Prussian War | Third stage in German unification. Bismark sought to unify all Germans by creating a common enemy in France. Germany defeated France easily and German unification upset the balance of power. |
| Second German Empire | Became after the French defeat with William I as kaiser. Germany was now united. |
| Augsleich | compromise;of Austria-Hungrary;common legislature;Dual Monarchy. Each part of empire had its own constitution, legislature, govt, and capital, but had single Monarch: Francis Joseph. same army, foreign policy. |
| Alexander II | Russian Tsar who became king during Franco-Prussian war, son of Nicholas II. Implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia. |
| Emancipation Edict | The plan created by Alexander II in 1861 that freed the serfs but eventually had negative effects bc of so many limitations |
| mir | Russian small village ---- primary governing unit following Emancipation in 1861 |
| zemstvos | elected local rural governments allow some democracy without weakening the central government |
| Alexander Herzen | Socialist who after 1848 came to believe that the true and natural future of socialism lay in Russia because the peasants would be the instigators for social reform. Believed village commune would be the core of this. |
| People's Will | Russian terrorist organization built on Marxian principles -- threatened to assassinate Alexander II, so he relaxed some stuff in Russia, but they killed him anyway. |
| Queen Victoria | reign from 1837-1901 was the longest in English history. Her sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age, which has ever been known as th Victorian age. British feeling of national pride. |
| Lord Palmerston | Whig British prime minister w/o much strong party loyalty & made political compromises; not a reformer & opposed expanding franchise. Primary interest was in foreign policy. |
| Benjamin Disraeli | Tory British Prime Minister. leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics. |
| William Gladstone | British prime minister and leader of the Liberal Party responsible for many reforms. Liberal reforms |
| dominion status | nation allowed to govern own domestic affairs. Americans wanted this. |
| Communist Manifesto | This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. |
| Marx | developed "scientific socialism", said that productive forces and economic relationships together made up the foundation of society. therefore, classes would conflict until the 'golden age' of communism took over. " |
| Engels | helped Marx write Communist Manefesto, he knew about working in factories and conditions. wrote "Conditions of the Working Class in England"."HIstory of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" |
| Hegel | Professor and philosopher who influenced Karl Marx. |
| Das Kapital | Karl Marx's book, written during his exile in England, that said all social classes should end and everyone should be equal with equal ownership of businesses |
| Charles Darwin | british biologist who introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution; argued that specific behaviors evolved because they led to advantages in survival or reproduction. "Origin of Species." |
| Pasteur | French chemist who Developed the science of bacteria |
| Lister | English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics |
| Elizabeth Blackwell | First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S. |
| August Comte | Founder of "sociology"; believed in the scientific improvement of society and human condition |
| Realism | the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth, effect of "tough mindedness" |
| Flaubert | French realist writer "Madame Bovary" realist attack on Romantic sensibility. |
| Thackeray | British REalist novelist, wrote "Vanity Fair" (A Book without a Hero) and flaunted Romantic conventions. |
| Charles Dickens | One of the greatest Victorian realist authors, his novels often focused on the middle and lower classes. His descriptions of brutal and poor life were vivid and realistic. |
| Courbet | French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes |
| Millet | French painter of rural scenes, almost as good as Courbet but still had a hing of Romanticism in him. |
| Liszt | Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso (1811-1886) |
| Wagner | German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883). Son of LIszt. |
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