Child Development
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91 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Developmental Psychology | THe branch of psychology that explores physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of breeeding |
| Nature-Nurture Psychology | The debate in psychology over the relative influences or genetics and enviornment |
| Continuity Model | Model proposing that development involves quantitive changes that occur over a small time |
| Discontinuity Model | Model proposing that development progresses in a discrete stages that involve abrupt, qualitative changes |
| Longitudinal Study | Study that compares the same individuals at periodic intervals over an extended period of time |
| Cross-Sectional Study | Study that compares individuals of differetn ages or developmental levels at the same point in time |
| Cohort Effect | Differences between age groups as a function of historical or social influences affecting those groups rather than age per se |
| Sperm | Male reproductive cell |
| Ovum | An egg cell |
| Ovulation | THe release of an ovumfrom an ovary |
| Fallopian Tube | Straw-like tube that connects the ovary and the uterus which an ovum passes through after ovulation |
| Fertillaization | The union of sperm with an ovum during sexual reproduction |
| Zygote | Fertallized egg cell |
| Germinal Stage | Stage of prenatal development that spans the period from fertilization through implantation |
| Uterus | The female reproductive organ in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted and develops term |
| Embryonic Stage | The stage of prenatal development from implantation through abotu the eigth week of pregnancy during which the major organ systems begin to develop |
| Embryo | The developing organism at an early stage of prenatal development |
| Neural Tube | The area in the embryo from which the nervous system develops |
| Amniotic Sac | The uternine sac that contains the fetus |
| Placenta | The organ that provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste materials between the mother and the fetus |
| Fetal Stage | Dtage of prenatal development in which the fetus develops beginning around the ninth week of pregnancy and lasting until birth |
| Fetus | Developing organism in the later stages of prenatal development |
| Spina Bifida | A neural tube defect in which the child is born with a hole in the tube surrounding the spinal cord |
| Teratogen | An enviornmental influence or agent that may harm the developing embryo or fetus |
| Rebella | A common childhood disease that can lead to serious birth defects if contracted by the mother during pregnancy |
| Sudden INfant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | The sudden and unexplained death of infants that usually occurs when they are asleep in their cribs |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | A syndrome caused by maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy in which the child shows developmental delays and facial deformities |
| Aminocentesis | A technique for diagnosis fetal abnormalities involving examination of extracted fetal cells |
| Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS) | A technique of detecting fetal abnormalities that involves examination of fetal material etracted from the chorion |
| Chorion | The membrane that contains the amniotic sac and fetus |
| Down Syndrome | A chromosomal disorder characterized by mental retardation and certain facial abnormalities |
| Ultrasound Imaging | A technique for using high-pitched sound waves to form an image of the fetus in the womb |
| Rooting Reflex | The relfexive turning of the newborn's head in the direction of a touch on it's cheek |
| Eyeblink Reflex | The relfexive blinking of the eyes that protects the newborn from bright light and foreign objects |
| Sucking Reflex | Rhythmic sucking in response to stimulation of the tounge or mouth |
| Moro Reflex | An inborn reflex, elicited by a sudden noise or loss of support, in which the infant extends its arms, arches its back, and brings its arms toward each other as if attempting to grab hold of someone |
| Palmar Grasp Reflex | The reflexive curling of the infant's fingers around an object that touches its palm |
| Babinski reflex | The reflexive fanning out and curling of an infant's toes and inward twisting of its foot when the sole of the foot is stroked |
| Maturation | The biological unfolding of the organism according to the underlying genetic code |
| Tempermant | A characteristic style of behavior or disposition |
| Attachment | The enduring emotional bond that infants and older children form eitht heir care givers |
| Bonding | Process by which parents develop strong ties to their newborns, which may form in the first few hours following birth |
| IMprinting | Formation of a strong bond of the newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth |
| Stange Situation | Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of of brief separations ad reunions with the mother in a playroom situation |
| Internal Working Models | Generalized expectaions, developed in early childhood, about how others are likely to respond in close relationships |
| Schema | A mental framework for understanding or acting on the enviornment |
| Adaption | Process of adjustment that enables people to function more effectively in meeting the demands they face in the enviornment |
| Assimlilation | Process of associating new objects eith old schemas |
| Accomodation | Process of making new schemas in order to classify a new object |
| Object Permanance | Recognition that objects continue to exist even if they are not in sight |
| Symbolic Representaion | Symbols that stand for names and expierences |
| Egocentrism | The tendency to see the world only from one's own perspective |
| Animistic Thinking | a child's belief that inanimate objects have life, teddybear |
| Irreversability | The inability to reverse the direction of a sequence of events to their starting point |
| Centration | The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at a time |
| Conservation | The ability to recognize that the quantity of an onject remains constant despite superficial changes in its outward appearence |
| Formal Operations | level of full cognitive maturity in Piaget's theory, characterized by the ability to think in abstract terms |
| Zone of Proximal Development | In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction |
| Scaffolding | IN Vygotsky's theory, tailoring the degree and type of instruction to the child's current level of abilityor knowledge |
| Adolenscence | Period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood |
| Puberty | Stage of development at which individuals become physiologically ready for reproducing |
| Secondary Sex Characteritics | Physical characteristics not directly related to reproduction |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | Physical characteristics that are directly related to reproduction |
| Menarche | The first menstruation |
| Imaginary Audience | The common belief among adolenscence that they are the center of other people'e attention |
| Personal Fable | Comomn belief that one's experiences cannot be understood by other |
| Ego Identity | The attainment of a psychological sense of knowing one's sirection in life |
| Identity Crisis | A stressful period of serious soul searching and self-examination of issues relating to one's personal values and direction in life |
| Role Diffusion | aimlessness or a lack of direction with respect to one's role in life or public identity |
| Fluid Intelligence | A form of intelligence associated with the ability to think abstractly and flexiblu in solving problems |
| Crystallized Intelligence | A form of intelligence associated with the ability to use accumulated knowledge |
| Menopause | The time of life when menstuation ends |
| Emerging Adulthood | In some cultures, the period of psychological development roughly spanning ages 18 to 25 during which the person makes the transition from adolescence to adulthood |
| Midlife Crisis | A state of psychological crisis, often occuring during midle adulthood, in which people grapple with the loss of their youth |
| Empty Nest Syndrome | A cluster of negative emotion, involving a loss of purpose and direction, that can occur when one's children have grown and left home |
| Homogamy | Tendency to marry people like themselves |
| Dementia | slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes. |
| Alzheimer's Disease | an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of mental functioning |
| Ageism | Prejudice against those of older age |
| Bereavement | Feeling grief and loss resulting from death of a loved one or a close friend |
| Mourning | The expression of sorrow of grief in accordance with a set of customs |
| Elizabeth Kubler-Ross | Developed the five stages of sorrow |
| DABDA | Denial, Anger, bargaining, Depression, Acceptance |
| Denial | First stage in Ross's stages of sorrow characterized by not believing that something happened |
| Anger | Second stage in Ross's stages of sorrow characterized by being mad at something or someone for your loss |
| Bargaining | Third stage in Ross's stages of sorrow characterized by the attempt to offer something in return for the object coming back |
| Depression | Fourth stage in Ross's stages of sorrow characterized by sadness after realization that the lost one/object is not and cannot be replaced |
| Acceptance | Fifth an final stage in Ross's stages of sorrow characterized by the mourner accepting that the lost one/object is not coming back but moves on past the initial sadness |
| Osteoporosis | A bone disease characterized by a loss of bone density in which bones become porous, brittle, and more prone to fracture |
| Erik Erikson | Developed the stages of Psychosocial development model |
| Piaget | Developed the stage of child development (referring to infancy) |
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