Respiration
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78 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cell respiration | Gradual breakdown of glucose |
| Glucose | C6H12O6 |
| Where are the two places that this process takes place in? | -Cytoplasm -Mitochondria (cristae + matrix) |
| How many ATP do you end up with in Glycolysis? | 2 ATP |
| What are the three steps of respiration? | -Glycolysis -Krebs cycle -Electron transport chain |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | In the cytoplasm |
| Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | In the matrix of the mitochondria |
| Where is the electron transport chain? | In the cristae |
| The cytoplasm _______ for glycolysis? | Does not need oxygen |
| The mitochondria ______ for the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain? | Needs oxygen |
| How is NADH formed (describe using letters)? | NAD + e- + e- + H+ -----> NADH + H+ |
| How many ATP can you get with one glucose? | Up to 38 ATP |
| If there is no oxygen in the mitochondria what happens? | The pyruvates will change to lactic acid or alcohol, in this process yeast and bacteria only get an extra 2 ATP which is much less than the usual 38 humans get. |
| Synthesis | Simple, complex, uses/consumes energy (photosynthesis) |
| Decomposition | breakdown, complex --> simple, releases energy |
| ATP | energy packet, storage, transfer, short-term |
| Sugars are oxidized by ______ | oxygen |
| How is NADH formed (use letters and description)? | When glucose is broken down it loses some hydrogen atoms. These hydrogen atoms have 2 protons and 2 electrons. NAD+ collects 2 e- and turns into NAD-. It then takes a positive hydrogen ion and turns into NADH, with the addition of yet another positive hydrogen ion it changes to NADH + H+. |
| Formula for Pyruvate | C3H4O3 |
| The 2 pyruvate that come out of gylcolysis have 3 choices: | -Go to mitochondria and krebs cycle if O2 is available -No O2, stays in cytoplasm and becomes ethylalcohol + 2 CO2 = 2(C2H5OH) -No O2, becomes lactic acid (in bacteria and muscle cells) 2(C3H6O3) *all need enzymes |
| How is ATP like a compressed spring? | There is a crowding of negative charges in the tail of ATP, this is potential energy. This can be like a coiled spring because it too has potential energy. When bonds are broken, energy is released. |
| How does ATP do cellular work? | 1 phosphate group is lost, which is then transferred to another molecule. In this process energy is also released. |
| How is ATP recycled? | When ATP loses a phosphate and turns into ADP, it just gains another phosphate later in a process and changes back into ATP. It continues to recycle itself many times. |
| How fast does a molecule recycle ATP? | Muscle cells recycle all ATP about once every minute. 10 million recycled every minute. |
| How does breathing support it? | While breathing we take in oxygen which is sent through the bloodstream to cells to perform respiration. |
| In cellular respiration _______ and _______ atoms from _______ are transferred to _______ atoms, thus forming _______ | In cellular respiration...carbon...and...hydrogen...atoms from...glucose...are transferred to...oxygen...atoms, thus forming...H2O + CO2 |
| Why is oxygen called an electron grabber? | Oxygen attracts e- very strongly. |
| A sugar molecule has ______ and _____ bonds, and during respiration these bonds break and bond with _______ atoms. | A sugar molecule has...carbon...and...hydrogen...bonds, and during respiration these bonds break and bond with...oxygen...atoms. |
| If you burn sugar in a test tube... | heat and light energy is released. |
| Compared with burning, cellular respiration is a more... | controlled fall of electrons. |
| In contrast to burning the oxygen reacts directly with glucose, Cellular respiration involves breaking down glucose in __ steps. | 3 |
| What happens in the electron transport chain? | Electron carriers pass electrons from one to the next. Each carrier holds them stronger than the one before. At the end, O2 grabs them and forms water. |
| At each electron transfer in the ETC, what happens? | A little energy is released, it is captured to form ATP. |
| What does glycolysis mean? | Splitting of sugar |
| What is the initial investment made that gets glucose to split? | 2 ATP |
| What happens to the hydrogen atoms that fall of glucose in glycolysis? | They go to NAD to form NADH + H+ |
| Does pyruvic acid still have energy stored in it? | It still holds most of the energy that was in the original glucose molecule. |
| Who was the Krebs cycle named after? | A biochemist named Hans Krebs. |
| The Krebs cycle finishes the breakdown of _______ to ____ releasing more _______ in the process. The enzymes for the Krebs cycle are dissolved in the _________ within a mitochondrion's inner membrane. | ...pyruvic acid molecules...CO2...energy...fluid matrix... |
| How does pyruvic acid get inside the mitochondrion? | It diffuses across the membrane. |
| What are the pyruvic acid molecules converted to? | A 2 carbon compound called acetyl coenzyme. |
| In the pre-Krebs cycle what gas is released? | CO2 |
| What do the 2-carbon molecules combine with to enter the Krebs cycle? | A 4-C acceptor molecule |
| What are the two parts of the ETC? | -E- transport chain -ATP production by ATP synthase |
| Each transfer in the chain... | releases energy. |
| The energy made by the transfer of electrons is used to pump _____ across the membrane from where they are ___ concentrated to where they are ___ concentrated. | ...hydrogen ions...less...more... |
| What does the pumping action of hydrogen ions store? | Potential energy |
| The hydrogen ions in the ETC do not stay packed together so they... | rush back through ATP synthase. |
| What does ATP synthase do? | Uses energy from flow of H+ to form ATP from ADP. |
| How many ATP can be generated this way? | 34-38 ATP |
| What happens in glycolysis? | 1. ATP gives up a phosphate and energy to glucose 2. A 6-C sugar phosphate is formed with a phosphate at the end 3. A second ATP gives up a phosphate and energy to glucose 4. A 6-C sugar phosphate is formed with a phosphate at each end 5. The 6-C chain breaks in half into two 3-C phosphates 6. The two 3-C molecules each lose 2 Hydrogens 7. NAD+ picks up the hydrogens and electrons to form NADH 8. Energy is released. ADP picks up phosphates to form ATP. (2 are formed) 9. 3-C molecules have lost a phosphate and have become pyruvate 10. Pyruvate will enter the mitochondrion to be completely broken down (oxidized.) |
| Cell respiration is a _______ reaction. | Decomposition |
| What are the two types of respiration? | -Aerobic -Anaerobic |
| Aerobic reactions: | Requirs oxygen, carried out by plants, animals, and some bacteria |
| Anaerobic reactions: | Does not require oxygen, carried out by yeast, some bacteria, and sometimes animals |
| Chemical equation for aerobic respiration | (C6H12O6) + 6 (O2) --> 6 (CO2) + 6 (H2O) + chemical energy |
| Pre-Krebs cycle occurs where? | In the cytoplasm |
| What happens in the Pre-Krebs cycle? | Pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA and CO2 is made as a waste product. |
| What happens in the citric acid/Krebs cycle? | Acetyl CoA joins a 4-C acceptor molecule (forms 2 (CO2) and 1 ATP per molecule). NAD+ picks up e- and H+ to form NADH (energy rich) |
| How many times must the cycle turn for one glucose? | 2 |
| What happens in the ETC (from packet)? | Electrons move down chain/along carriers, to the end where they combine with O2 to form water. |
| Photosynthesis and Respiration are opposites | -make/use glucoes -take in/out carbon dioxide -give in/off oxygen -Equations are flipped |
| If there is no O2 what are the two options? | -alcoholic fermentation -lactic acid fermentation |
| Plants transport carbs mainly as what? | sucrose |
| Where are the three places respiration takes place within the cell? | Glycolysis: Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle: Fluid filled matrix Electron Transport Chain: Cristae |
| In glycolysis how many ATP are made per pyruvate molecule? | 2 ATP |
| What are the three products that are a result of the pre-Krebs cycle? | -CO2 -NADH -acetyl CoA |
| 6-carbon molecule in Krebs | Citrate |
| 5-carbon molecule in Krebs | Ketoglutarate |
| 4-carbon molecule in Krebs | Oxaloacetate |
| Describes what happens in the Krebs cycle. | -Acetyl Coenzyme A enters the Krebs cycle. It bonds with the recycled 4-c molecule oxaloacetate to form a 6-c molecule, citrate, -bonds are broken then reformed, CO2 is released, NAD is transformed into NADH -Ketoglutarate, 5-C molecule is formed -bonds are broken then reformed, CO2 is released, NAD is transformed into NADH -4-C molecule is formed -bonds are broken then reformed, ATP is created, FADH2 is formed, NADH is created -Finally the 4-c acceptor that will re-enter the cycle, oxaloacetate is formed again |
| Per glucose, what molecules are formed in the Krebs cycle? | 6 CO2 8 NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH2 |
| What happens in the ETC? | NADH and FADH2 go to the cristae. There, they drop off all of their electrons. The electrons move from carrier to carrier with a little bit of energy being released with each change. At the end, these electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water. approximately 34 ATP were created. |
| Where do all 38 ATP come from? | G: 2 KC: 2 ETC: 34 |
| NAD | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| FAD | Flavin adenine dinucleotide |
| How many carbons does acetyl CoA have, and why? | Pyruvic acid has 3, but when it combines with CoA is gives off CO2 so it loses one; therefore, acetyl CoA has 2 carbons. |
| In anaerobic conditions what do we and yeast cells produce? | Humans: lactic acid Yeast: Ethyl alcohol and CO2 |
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