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Prokaryotes Cell lacking a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, such as a bacterium. Nucleoid The region in prokaryotic cells where the chromosome is located. Plasmids Small rings of DNA found naturally in some bacterial cells in addition to the main bacterial chromosome. Cytoskeleton a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence Proteins that make up cytoskeleton Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules Phospholipid bilayer a double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes Hydrophilic Region of phospholipid that faces interior and exterior of cell Hydrophobic Region of phospholipid bilayer that faces intramembrane space Transport Proteins A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. Cell adhesion molecules Membrane proteins that allow cells to adhere to one another. Nuclear membrane thin structure that surrounds and protects the nucleus Nuclear pores structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm Histones protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin Nucleolus The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus Ribosome small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum a region that is recognized by the grainy appearance of the ribosomes on their outer surface, where the cell's proteins are made Golgi Apparatus stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum Exocytosis process by which a cell releases large amounts of material Lysosome membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides Autolysis self-digestion occurring in plant and animal tissues, particularly after they have ceased to function properly Cristae An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. Mitochondrial Matrix The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle. Intermembrane Space the fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes Apoptosis programmed cell death Microbodies Membrane-bound organelles specialized as containers for metabolic reactions. (Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes) Peroxisomes Microbody responsible for the creation of hydrogen peroxide that is used to break down fats. Catalyzes detoxification reactions in liver. Glyoxysomes Important in germinating plants Centrioles One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division. Facilitated Diffusion movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels Active Transport transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient Endocytosis process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane Pinocytosis process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid Phagocytosis process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris Capsid A protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus Virion a fully developed viral particle Bacteriophages viruses that infect bacteria