Cell Reproduction Vocabulary
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Created by:
Joshua-Eichel on March 15, 2011
Subjects:
science, science vocabulary, mitosis, cell division
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Gene | segment of DNA that transmits information from parent to offspring |
| Chromosome | a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division |
| Chromatids | the two copies of each chromosome, formed prior to cell division |
| Centromere | the protein disk in the center of a chromosome where the two chromatids are attached |
| Homologous Chromosomes | the two copies of each chromosome, which are similar in size and shape and have similar gene information |
| Diploid | when a cell contains two homologues of each chromosome |
| Gametes | egg cells and sperm cells |
| Haploid | when a cell contains only one homologue of each chromosome |
| Zygote | a fertilized egg cell; first cell of a new individual |
| Trisomy | a condition where a diploid cell has an extra chromosome |
| Karyotype | the collection of chromosomes found in an individual's cells |
| Down Syndrome | the traits produced by having an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
| Nondisjunction | when each chromosome and its homologue fail to properly separate; one cell will receive both chromosomes while another cell receives no chromosomes |
| Amniocentesis | when a physician uses a needle and syringe to remove a small amount of fluid from the amnion, the sac that surrounds the fetus |
| Chorionic villi sampling | a physician analyzes a karyotype made using cells grown from a sample of the chorionic villi, fingerlike extensions of placenta that grow into the mother's uterus |
| Mutations | changes in an organism's genetic material |
| Deletion | when a fragment of a chromosome breaks off, it can be lost when the cell divides |
| Duplication | the chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome, which will carry two copies of a certain set of genes |
| Inversion | when a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to the original chromosome in reverse orientation |
| Translocation | when a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and joins a non-homologous chromosome |
| Autosomes | the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in both males and females |
| Sex Chromosomes | the chromosomes that differ between males and females |
| Binary Fission | a form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring |
| Cell Cycle | a repeating sequence of growth and division that is completed by many eukaryotic cells |
| Cytokinesis | when the cytoplasm divides |
| Interphase | a period of time where the cell does a great deal of growing while carrying out normal cell processes |
| Spindle Fiber | made of microtubules (long narrow tubes of protein) that help move the chromosomes apart in cell division |
| Kinetochore | a disk of protein that serves as a platform for assembling the microtubules that extends out from the centromere |
| Meiosis | the mechanism that halves the number of chromosomes in cells as a form of cell division |
| Spores | haploid cells in plants that later lead to the production of gametes |
| Crossing-over | the process in the beginning of meiosis 1 where homologous chromosomes pair up next to each other |
| Skipping Replication | there is only one replication of DNA but two divisions, halving the number of chromosomes in each new cell |
| Reduction Division | when each new cell after meiosis 1 contains half the number of chromosomes of the original cell |
| Genetic Recombination | the formation of new combinations of genes |
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