Biology Ch 13.3 and 13.4
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Created by:
LilacKhojasteh on March 15, 2011
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29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 mutation | literally means "to change"; a heritable changes in genetic information |
| point mutation | gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message |
| mutagen | chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation |
| polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes; used to make bigger or stronger |
| operon | in prokaryotes, a group of genes that regulate together |
| operator | short DNA region, located near the promoter region; the site where the repressor binds to stop transcription |
| RNA interference (RNAi) | blocking gene expression by using an miRNA silencing complex |
| homoeotic gene | a set of master control genes that regulate the development of organs and other body parts |
| homeobox gene | code for transcriptioin factors that activate other genes that are important in cell development and differentiation; are expressed in certain regions of the body and determine the presence of body parts |
| hox gene | a group of homeobox genes; they tell the cells of the body how to control the growth and development of body parts |
| gene mutations | a mutation in a single gene |
| chromosome mutations | a mutation that involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes |
| substitution | one base is changed to a different base; usually has no effect |
| insertion | when one base is inserted in the DNA |
| deletion | when one base is deleted from the DNA sequence |
| deletion | the loss of all or part of a chromosome |
| duplication | the production of an extra copy of all or part of the chromosome |
| inversion | reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome |
| translocation | when part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to another |
| prokaryote | transcribe area only needed for cell function; regulate genes by controlling transcription |
| repressor | binds to operator region to prevent transcription |
| eukaryote | regulate gene expression by controlling transcription |
| TATA box | a short region of DNA with 25 or 30 base pairs that align the RNA Polymerase to start transcription; marks the beginning of the gene |
| cell specialization | stomach cells, or brain cells; made possible by the regulation of growth & development |
| microRNA | cut up pieces of mRNA |
| dicer enzyme | the enzyme that cuts mRNA into microRNA |
| RNAi | small strands of RNA that don't belong to mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| differentiation | when a cell becomes specialized in structure and function |
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