sociology #2
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Created by:
cameronannhaley on March 15, 2011
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167 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 two or more people who identify and interact with one another | social group |
| temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact | crowd |
| primary groups | all of the above |
| every society's most important primary group | family |
| secondary group | impersonal and engages in some specific activity |
| Not a characteristic of secondary groups | personal orientation |
| we see the ...... as a means to an end, and ..... as a end itself | secondary group; primary group |
| group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks | instrumental leadership |
| group leadership that emphasizes collective well-bing | expressive leadership |
| type of leadership style that takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told | authoritarian leadership |
| type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens | democratic leader |
| type of leader downplays their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own | laissez-faire leaders |
| "shock generator" showed | people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals |
| Not an expression of groupthink | the group seeks diverse members and ends up with being unable to reach consensus |
| social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions | reference group |
| type of social group that command's a member's esteem and loyalty | in-group |
| social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition | out-group |
| triad | social group with three members |
| social group open to any and all people as new members | all of the above |
| typically true of a social network | networks are fuzzy groups made up of people we know of rather than those we know well |
| formal organizations | large secondary groups with goal orientation |
| maximum securtiy prison would be what organizations | coercive organization |
| formal organization people join to obtain money and other material benefits | utilitarian organization |
| not a trait of bureaucrazy | favoring family members over strangers |
| all factors outside an organization that affect the organizations operation | organizational environment |
| harmful effect of formal organizations | organizations create alienation |
| keeping a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is | bureaucratic ritualism |
| tendency of bureaucratic organizations to keep themselves going | bureaucratic inertia |
| iron law of oligarchy | bureaucracy always means the few rule the many |
| idea behind scientific management | applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient |
| mcdonaldization of society | mcdonalds organization principles coming to dominate all of society |
| reason to study sexuality from the sociological perspective | all of the above |
| biological distinction between males and females | sex |
| deeper voices in males | secondary sex characteristics |
| comparative research | although sex has a biological foundation sexual practices vary from place to place as culture |
| importance of alfred kinseys research on sexuality | showing that people were less conventional than most people thought |
| when was sexual counterrevolution | 1980 |
| effect of sexual counterrevolution | to encourage people to limit their numbers of sexual partners or, to abstain from sex entirely |
| research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us | the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago |
| ....... of married men,........ of married women, remain faithful | 75; 90 |
| little or no attraction to people of either sex | asexuality |
| sexual orientation is rooted in | human biology, although social experience plays some role |
| ......of men.......of women in us claim that they have a homosexual identity | 2.8' 1.4 |
| homophobia | fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bi |
| people to oppose pornography argue that | all of the above |
| prostitution is most common in | poor nations where women have fewer economic opportunities |
| a reason not to view prostitution as simply a matter of personal choice involving adults | all of the above |
| statement about rape not true | in most cases of rape the victim does not know the attacker |
| widespread, false idea about rape | women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers |
| society needs to regulate human sexuality | structural-functional approach |
| the more global our view of sexuality | the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality |
| norm stating that people remain virgins until marriage | has become weaker |
| symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality topic | how individuals in various settings engages in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity |
| not consistent with the social-conflict approach | the process of reality construction is highly variable so that one groups views of sexuality may well differ from another |
| criticism of the social-conflict approach's view of sexuality | all of the above |
| the recognized violation of cultural norms | deviance |
| crime differs from deviance in that crime | refers to a violation of norms enacted into law |
| biological approaches offer | a very limited understanding of crime |
| value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because | very few people experience an unsuccessful socialization |
| functions of deviance noted by emile durkheim | all of the above |
| process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them | innovation |
| low-paid, compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong | ritualist |
| cloward and ohlin extended mertons theory of deviance stating that crime | reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity |
| the code of the streets | in jail or worse |
| labeling theory | deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do |
| powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity | stigma |
| medicalization of deviance | all of the above |
| edwin sutherlands differential association theory links deviance to | the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior |
| control theory suggests which of the following categories of people would be most likely to engage in deviance | youngsters who hand out waiting for something to happen |
| what society labels as a deviant is based primarily on | differences in power between various categories of people |
| crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations | white-collar crime |
| illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf | corporate crime |
| organized crime | any business that supplies illegal goods or services |
| hate crime | criminal act motivated by race or other bias |
| gender figures into the study of deviance because | every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males |
| a crime is composed of which two components | the act and criminal intent |
| criminal statistics gathered by federal bureau of investigation reflect | offenses known to the police |
| the actual amount of crime in the us is about..... what official reports indicate | three times greater than |
| men who represent about half the us population account for about........ of all the arrests for property crime | 67 percent |
| the us men account for about....... of all arrest for violent crime | about 82 percent |
| factors that explain the high crime rate in the us | our emphasis on individual economic success which weakens the social fabric |
| oldest justification for punishing an offender | retribution |
| if a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing the parent is using punishment to accomplish what | deterrence |
| criminal recidivism | later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
| advantages of community-based corrections | all of the above |
| social stratification | gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others |
| not true about stratification | a family's social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation |
| social stratification may involve differences in | all of the above |
| person who moves from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards | horizontal social mobility |
| societies that have caste systems have economies that are | agrarian |
| ending of apartheid in south africa has led to | society becoming a meritocracy |
| the historical replacement of caste systems with class systems | replaces one find of inequality with another |
| meritocracy refers to social stratification | based entirely on personal merit |
| college professor with advanced degrees | low status consistency |
| historical practice in england of passing property to only the first born male descendant | the law of primogeniture |
| structural social mobility | change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself |
| accurately describes the peoples republic of china | a new set of social classes is gradually emerging |
| compared to other high income nations the us has | more social inequality |
| davis-moore thesis | more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them |
| capitalism "reproduces the class structure" | society operates so that class differences are carred from one generation to the next |
| work involving mostly mental activity | white-collar work |
| social position is based on a person's | all of the above |
| weber envisioned inequality in terms of | a socioeconomic status hierarchy |
| common micro lever pattern involving social interaction | people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position |
| laura wears an expensive dress to impress her friends | conspicuous consumption |
| idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with | structural-functional approach |
| idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with | social-conflict approach |
| which society comes closest to being egalitarian | hunting and gathering |
| income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions | latin america |
| in the us economic inequality has been | decreasing |
| us is middle class because | we have no history of nobility, as in europe |
| earnings from work or any investment | income |
| the richest 20 percent of the population ear about...... times as much as the poorest 20 percent | 12 |
| total amount of financial assets minus any debts | wealth |
| richest 5 percent of us families own about what percentage of privately owned property | 60 |
| the wealthiest 1 percent of us fams controls about...... of the nations privately held wealth | 35 |
| occupational prestige | occupational rankings are much the same in all high income nations |
| about...... of the richest people in the us gained at least some of their fortune from inheritance | two thirds |
| in 2007 about.......of us adults over the age of 25 were college graduates | 30 |
| what factors affect social position in the us | all of the above |
| in us median income for african american families is about..... as much as that for non hispanic white families | 57 |
| 40 to 50 of us population falls within | middle class |
| contains the lease amount of racial and ethnic diversity | the upper upper class |
| which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat | working class |
| people of low class position | all of the above |
| most likely to be liberal on a social issue | rich, highly educated people |
| people of low social position are more liberal on.... issues and more conservative on...... issues | economic; social |
| intergenerational social mobility refers to change in social position | by children in relation to their parents |
| change in social position during a persons lifetime | intragenerational social mobility |
| during the last twenty years which category of the us population has experienced the largest gains in average income | the highest paid 20 percent |
| true about social mobility in the us | all of the above |
| relative poverty | is found everywhere |
| in 2007 what share of us was poor | 12.5 |
| which age category has the highest poverty rate | children |
| most poor people in the us are | non hispanic whites |
| feminization of poverty | women make up an increasing percentage of the poor |
| percentage of all poor families in the us headed by a single women | 51 |
| in us an increasing percentage of the poor are | single women and their children |
| the cause of poverty lies in | too few available jobs |
| how many people in us were homeless for some time during 2005 | 754,000 although the real number could be several times higher |
| true statement about homeless | one third of all homeless people are entire familes |
| death of 52 workers in bangladeshi shows | the loves of the worlds poor are far worst than many people in the us realize |
| the wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income | 74 |
| the poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of global income | 2 |
| high income countries that are 22 percent of the worlds population enjoy about how much of the worlds income | 80 |
| in poor nations poverty is.... than in the us | more widespread and severe |
| the majority of the worlds people live in | middle income nations |
| in lowest income nations, half of all children born die by age | 10 |
| about how many people suffer from chronic hunger | 1 billion |
| absolute poverty | life threatening |
| region contains the largest percentage of the worlds street children | latin america |
| of 1 billion poverty people how many are women | 70 |
| type of slavery that refers to one person owning another | chattel slavery |
| type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts | debt bondage |
| applying modernization theory to global poverty you might point to which of the following traits of low income nations | all of the above |
| colonialism | some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others |
| global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in low income nations | neocolonialism |
| if you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by | all of the above |
| some critics claim that modernization theory | ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations |
| dependency theory differs from modernization theory by | explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries |
| andre frank states that poor nations | were underdeveloped or made poor by rich nations |
| while modernization theory focuses on..... dependency theory focuses on...... | all of the above |
| what nations are the core of the world economy | high income nations |
| what did wollerstein not consider to be a cause of dependency | lack of integration into the world economy |
| over the course of the last century the extent of global economic inequality has | increased |
| global region that has made the greatest strides out of poverty | asia |
| the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is | all of the above |
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