Biology Chapter 3 CJK
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106 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 (On Test) Define Ecology | Ecology is the study of relationships between an organism or species and the environment. The species and organism have the same role in the environment. |
| Define Population in relation to Ecology. | All members of a species in a defined area. |
| Define Community in relation to Ecology. | All populations in a defined area. (Multiple species) |
| Define Ecosystem | Community plus non-living factors |
| Define abiotic | Non-living a = non biotic = living |
| List some abiotic factors of an ecosystem. | Climate: Temperature and rain fall. Soil: Climate effects the soil. Soil, then effects the rest of the ecosystem. Water: The amount of water in the ecosystem. Slope of the Land |
| Define Competition. | Interaction for a mutually required resource. |
| What are the two types of competition? | Intraspecific and Interspecific. |
| (On Test) What is intraspecific competition? | Competition, or interaction, between members of the same species for a mutually required resource. Within a species competition may arise for food, space, and mates. Females only reproduce with the best mate. |
| (On Test) What is interspecific competition? | Competition, or interaction, between members of two different species for a mutually required resource. Between species competition may arise for food and space. Ways to win include: Grow faster, eat more, reproduce more. |
| Define Niche in relation to ecology. | A niche is the role an organism or species plays in the environment. Aspects include: What does it eat? What eats it? Where does it live? How fast does it reproduce? |
| What is competitive exclusion? | The principle that no two species can have the exact same niche. One species will go extinct and the other will survive. |
| What is resource partitioning? | Organisms avoiding direct competition by utilizing slightly different aspects of the environment. |
| Explain the Predator and Prey relationship. | The predator is only skilled enough to catch the lesser adapted prey. Lesser adapter prey become easy target. Better adapted prey will not be killed off quickly allowing them to reproduce. |
| Define autotroph. | An organism that makes it's own food. |
| Define producers in relation to ecology. | The first level of the food chain. Autotrophs who make their own food. Green plants are an example of producers. |
| What does heterotroph mean? | That an organism must eat something. |
| Define omnivore. | An omnivore is an organism that eats pants and animals. Most animals are omnivores. |
| Define herbivore. | An organism that eats only plants. |
| Define carnivore. | An organism that eats only other animals. |
| What are decomposers? | Bacteria, fungi, and maggots.Organisms that decompose material. |
| List the order of the food chain. | 1. Producers 2. Consumers 1(Primary)(Herbivores) 3. Consumers 2(Secondary)(Carnivores) 4. Consumers 3(Tertiary)(Top Carnivores) |
| (On Test) List the 10 prey defenses we covered in class. | 1. Escape - Rabbits and Deer 2. Cryptic Coloration (camouflage) - Chameleon 3. Startle Display (Threat pattern on wings) - quail 4. Death Display - opossum 5. Chemical Defense - Spray - Skunk 6. Shed body parts - Skink 7. Size - too big to eat - Elephant 8. Groups - society - Prairie dogs 9. Mechanical Defense - porcupine, blowfish, turtle 10. Mimicry - 2 species look alike |
| What are the two types of Mimicry? | Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry. |
| What is Batesian mimicry? | One species has a defense, the other does not. The one with the defense is the model, the one without defence is the mimic. Examples are the monarch butterfly and the viceroy butterfly. |
| What is Mullerian mimicry? | Two species look alike and both have a defense. Defense may be different. Wasps, bees, flys, all with the same yellow and black coloring. |
| What is symbiosis? | Two species living together. |
| Name the 3 types of Symbiosis. | 1. Parasitism 2. Commensalism 3. Mutualism |
| What is Parasitism? | Two species live together, one benefits and the other is harmed. Parasite is the one doing the harm. The host is harmed. |
| What is an ectoparasite? | A parasite that lives on the outside of the host. Lice, fleas, ticks. |
| What is an endoparasite? | A parasite that lives in the inside of the host. Tapeworm and hookworm. |
| What is commensalism? | Two species living together. One is benefited. The other is neither harmed nor benefited. Cows and Cow birds are an example. |
| What is mutualism? | Two species living together, both are benefited. Lichen - a cyano bacteria and fungus combination. |
| What is a food web? | The sum of all food chains in an ecosystem. |
| Is energy recycled in an ecosystem? | No. Ecosystems require a constant flow of energy because the energy does not recycle. |
| What is biomass? | The collective weight of organisms. |
| How much energy is lost upon moving up one level on the food chain? | 90% of energy is lost, only 10% is actually transferred. For example - Corn -> Cow -> Human. The corn uses 90% of the energy it manufacturers to grow, reproduce, and live. When the Cow eats the corn only 10% of the corn's energy is actually transferred to the cow. The same can be said for the next stage of the food chain when man eats the cow. The cow has used 90% of the energy it obtained from the corn in order to live. Man gains only 10% of the cows energy. |
| Take picture of 709 34.5 | .. |
| Take picture of 707 34.2 | .. |
| (On Test) Explain the Nitrogen Cycle | Nitrate No3 is pulled out of the soil by plants. The Nitrogen atom becomes part of the plant. If an animal eats the plant the Nitrogen moves into the animal. When the animal and / or plant die the Nitrogen goes back into the soil via decomposition. Atmospheric Nitrogen N2 can be converted to Nitrate No3 by Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria (Legumes). Denitrifying bacteria also convert Nitrate No3 to Atmospheric Nitrogen. (Know how to draw this!!) |
| What is N2? | Atmospheric Nitrogen. 70% of the air we breath is nitrogen. |
| What is NO3? | Nitrate. Plant Fertilizer. |
| Explain the Carbon Cycle. | CO2 is taken in by plants. The Carbon is used in the plant for photosynthesis and the O2 is expelled as waste. Animals eat the plants, taking in the Carbon and then output CO2. |
| What is Succession? | The progression of communities leading to the climax community in an area. |
| What is a climax community? | The most stable group of population the climate con support in an area. |
| What does stable mean in regards to the climax community? | In this sense stable means that the species population does not change over 1,000's of years. |
| List the stages of succession. | 1. Primary Succession 2. Secondary Succession |
| What is primary succession? | Primary succession is when there is no life at all in an area and the ecosystem is just beginning. |
| What is secondary succession? | Secondary succession is when an ecosystem has been destroyed. |
| (On Test) List the 10 stages involved in primary succession. | 1. Bare rock - Soil does not yet exist 2. Lichen - A mixture of fungi and cyano bacteria grows on the rock. Over a very long period of time acid from the lichen breaks down the rock creating soil. 3. Moss - Moss will begin to grow and very gradually replace the lichen. 4. Grasses 5. Low Shrubs 6. High Shrubs 7. Shrub Trees 8. Low Trees 9. High Trees 10. Climax Trees |
| (On Test) How long does Primary Succession take? | Primary Succession can take 1,000's of years. The creation of soil takes the longest. |
| (Possibly on Test) List the 8 stages of Secondary succession. | 1. Soil already exists in a secondary succession. 2. Grass 3. Low Shrubs 4. High Shrubs 5. Shrub Trees 6. Low Trees 7. High Trees 8. Climax Trees. |
| What is a biome? | A Biome is a habitat of large size characterized by plant life. Biomes vary according to latitude, altitude, and climate (Temperature and rainfall). Biomes have no distinct boundaries and the climate within varies gradually. |
| What is a rain shadow? | A rain shadow occurs on one side of a mountain. Essentially rain is blocked from passing over the mountain due to the altitude. So, any rain clouds coming past the mountain are forced to empty their rain on a specific side of the mountain as they pass over. The other side, that does not get rain, is the rain shadow. In the United States this is typically the east side of the mountain. |
| What is a terrestrial biome? | A land biome. |
| What are the 9 types of biomes? | 1. Dessert 2. Grassland - Tundra 3. Grassland - Prairie 4. Grassland - Savannah 5. Forest - Taiga 6. Forest - Temperate Deciduous 7. Forest - Tropical Rain 8. Mountain 9. Aquatic |
| What are the characteristics of a Dessert Biome? | Less then 10 inches of rain per year. Plants - Cactus Animals - Arachnids, Reptiles, Kangaroo Rat. |
| What are xeromorphic modifications? | Characteristics that a plant has that allows it to live in the dessert. |
| What are 3 xeromorphic modifications of the cactus? | 1. Waxy Cuticle - Waterproof cover, helps keep water in the plant. 2. Stores water 3. Small leaves |
| What does cold blooded mean? | That the animal has no way to regulate it's internal temperature by itself. All animals without a back bone are cold blooded. Reptiles, fish, amphibians. |
| Why does the kangaroo not need water? | The rat uses metabolic water to survive. |
| Name some characteristics of the Tundra. | Arctic Climate Permafrost Plants - Grass , Moss Animals - Caribou , Lemmings |
| What is permafrost? | A layer of soil that never thaws. |
| Name some characteristics of a Prairie. | Tall grass prairies have 3 foot to 8 foot grass. Short grass prairies have 6 inches to 3 foot grass. The amount of rain fall determines the grass length. Very good Soil that is rich with minerals due to plant waste. |
| Name some characteristics of the Savannah. | Africa Grass with trees All Savannahs have a dry season. |
| Name some characteristics of a Taiga | Coniferous forest. No Understory (Plants under the main tree growth) Less variety of species |
| What is a coniferous forest? | A forest made of conifers which are pine trees. |
| Name some characteristics of a Temperate deciduous forest. | Canopy of big trees. I.e. Oak, Hickory. Understory of small trees. I.e. Red bud, sasafras, dogwood, buckeye. |
| What does deciduous mean? | That leaves fall from the trees in the winter. |
| Name some characteristics of a tropical rain forest. | Greater number of species then other biomes. 100-200 inches of rain per year. Always warm. very poor soil. |
| Name some characteristics of a mountain biome. | This biome exists on a mountain. The altitude, percipitation, and soil grade all effect the species that exist within the biome. Due to these conditions this biome has several sub zones. From the top: Snow / Ice Alpine Tundra Tree line - the end of trees Taiga Aspen forest Deciduous trees |
| What is a lentic aquatic biome? | A body of water without current. Swamp, marsh, lake, pond. |
| What is a lotic aquatic biome? | A body of water with a current. Rivers, streams. |
| What is the limit of rooted plant growth within aquatic biomes?Why? | The limit is 18 feet because deeper then 18 feet and the water pressure is too great for plant growth. |
| What is a legume? | A plant with nitrogen fixing bacteria in it's roots. Legumes convert N2 (Atmospheric Nitrogen) to No3 (Nitrate) |
| What are the two types of lakes? | 1. Oligotrophic 2. Eutrophic |
| Define: Oligotrophic. | A lake with little food, a rock base, without much life. |
| Define: Eutrophic. | A lake with a lot of food, a soil base, greenish water caused by algae. This type of lake, in illinois, may also be high in nitrates and phosphates due to fertilizer runoff. |
| What is summer stratification? | Summer stratification describes a phenomena where lake water separates into layers by temperatures. These layers are called temperature zones each with a specific name corresponding to the temperature of the water. |
| Name the 3 summer stratification temperature zones. | 1. Epilimnion 2. Thermocline 3. Hypolimnion |
| What temperatures correspond to the Epilomnion layer? | 25C |
| What temperatures correspond to the Thermocline layer? | 13C - 18C |
| What temperatures correspond to the hypolimnion layer? | 5C - 8C |
| What temperature is water most dense at ? | 4C |
| Why does ice float? | Water freezes at 0C and becomes less dense then the water was at 4C. Since ice is frozen water it is then less dense then the cold water surrounding it. This causes the ice to float. |
| What is lake overturn, or just overturn, or turnover? (all different ways of saying the same thing) | Overturn happens primarily during two seasons; fall and spring. Essentially water on the top hits 4C and it drops to the bottom of the lake displacing the water that was there. As a result of this movement of water from the top to the bottom of the lake, whatever is on the floor of the lake, like organisms, gets shot up into the water turning the lake turbid (cloudy). This will result in an algae bloom since there is now an abundance of stuff in the water for the algae to feast on. |
| What are the two primary seasons turnover occurs in? | Fall and spring? |
| What is the difference between fall and spring turnovers? | Fall turnover is caused by the cooling of water by lower atmospheric temperatures. Spring turnover is caused by ice melting resulting in a cold layer of water on the top of the lake as the ice melts spawning a turnover. |
| During winter what happens to the organisms in a lake? | During winter the top of a lake freezes. Organisms move to the bottom of the lake in order to survive. |
| What are the 4 zones of an aquatic biome? | 1. Littoral 2. Limnetic 3. Profundal 3. Benthic |
| What is the littoral zone? | This is the top of the lake. It covers the areas near the shore down to 18 feet. Plants are not able to grow below 18 feet due to water pressure. |
| What is the limnetic zone? | The open water in a lake. |
| What is the profundal zone? | Below the level of compensation within a lake. |
| What is the benthic zone? | The physical bottom of the lake. |
| Define: Level of compensation. | The maximum level of light penetration. |
| Define: Turbidity. | The quality of the water. How cloudy is it? The amount of sediment and/or micro organisms in the water. |
| What is the effect of pollution on a lake? | Pollution makes a lake very turbid. (cloudy) Pollution also blocks off sunlight effectively stopping photosynthesis and growth. You can tell if a lake is polluted by the type and health of it's organisms. |
| Define: Pollution. | Any change in the environment that is harmful to life. |
| Name the 5 air pollutants we covered, their source, and effects. | 1. Co2 (Carbon dioxide)- Combustion - global warming / climate change 2. CFC(cloro floro carbons) - aerosoles - ozone destruction 3. NoxSox - combustion - acid rain 4. Particulates - combustion - smog 5. Co (carbon monoxide)- Incomplete combustion - toxic. |
| How is ozone created? | Ozone is created by our lightning storms. When lightning strikes O2 is made into O3. O3 is ozone. |
| What happens when the ozone is destroyed? | More UV rays get into our atmosphere from the sun. This can cause skin cancer, raising temperatures, and climate change. |
| Define: Cultural eutrophication | Man adding excess nutrients to a body of water |
| What is measured when determining water quality? | Dissolved oxygen levels (DO) |
| Why is cultural eutrophication a problem? | The excess nutrients come from sewage and fertilizer causing an increase in bacteria growth. The bacteria uses up all of the oxygen resulting in the death of other organisms. |
| Define: Bioaccumulation | If a toxin cannot be excreted it will increase in concentration in the food chain. |
| Give an example of Bioaccumulation. | DDT gets into the food chain at the producer level. Phytoplankton (Producer) takes in the DDT. Zoo-plankton eats the phytoplankton as primary consumers. The DDT is passed on to the Zoo-plankton. Fish, as secondary consumers, eat the zoo-plankton consuming the DDT as well. Eagles eat the Fish as tertiary consumers also consuming the DDT. The DDT effects the reproductive ability of the Eagle. |
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