Psych Exam 2; Ch. 7
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| aristotle | suggested law of association |
| associative learning | learning to associate a response with a consequence |
| classical conditioning | Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, before conditioning food (unconditioned stimulus, US) produces salivation (unconditioned response, UR) however the tone (neural stimulus) does not; During conditioning (learning), neural stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now conditional response, CR) |
| acquisition | the initial learning state in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place |
| extinction | when the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes ________ |
| spontaneous recovery | after a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but is the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again |
| stimulus generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is called generalization, Pavlov conditioned the dog's salivation by using miniature vibrators on the thigh, when he subsequently stimulated other parts of the dog's body, salivation dropped |
| stimulus discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Skinner | his experiments extend Thorndike's thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again |
| operant chamber | Skinner developed a box, comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforce |
| shaping | the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations |
| reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows, a heat lamp positively reinforces a meerkat's behavior in the cold |
| fixed ratio | reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable ratio | reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses, this is hard to extinguish because of the unpredictability |
| fixed interval | reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (preparing for an exam only when the exam draws close) |
| variable interval | reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses (eg pop quiz) |
| punishment | an aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows |
| bandura | Bobo doll study indicated that individuals learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments |
| positive observational learning | prosocial models may have prosocial effects |
| neutral stimulus | In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the _______ needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus |
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