Cellular Adaptations, Cell Injury, and Cell Death
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Created by:
jrexnorman on October 28, 2008
Subjects:
Description:
Terms and ides from Chapter 1 in Robbins Pathology.
Classes:
Pathology 1, UASOM Fundamentals 2
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Hypoxia | What contributes to vacuolar degeneration of cells? |
| Anaerobic Glycolysis | How does a hypoxic cell derive its energy? |
| Decreased pump capacity | Why does edema occur in hypoxic cells? |
| Reversible | Is vacuolar degeneration reversible or irreversible cell damage? |
| True | Necrosis is always pathologic (True/false). |
| False | Apoptosis is always pathologic (True/false). |
| Ischemia | Decreased blood flow to a tissue |
| Hypoxia | Decreased oxygen to a tissue |
| hypoxic | Which tissues are damaged more rapidly, ischemic or hypoxic? |
| Swollen mitochondria; swollen ER; pyknosis | List the characteristics of a cell in a state of reversible injury. |
| Coagulative | The type of necrosis dominated by denaturation |
| Liquefactive | The type of necrosis characterized by dominant enzyme digestion. |
| Coagulative | Type of necrosis characterized by preserved cell outlines |
| Coagulative | Decreased cellular pH resulting in the denaturation of cellular enzymes occurs in this type of necrosis. |
| Liquefactive | Necrosis characterized by focal bacterial or fungal infections |
| Coagulative | Dry gangrene is an example of this type of necrosis |
| Wet Gangrene | A necrotic tissue (usually an extremity), originally ischemic, now infected with a bacteria |
| Caseous | Necrosis characterized by amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinct inflammatory border |
| Liquefactive | Necrosis occurring during ischemia of CNS tissue |
| Fat Necrosis | Fat destruction most often from pancreatic lipases. |
| Fat Necrosis | Characterized by shadowy necrotic cell outlines with basophilic calcium deposits. |
| Dystrophic Calcification | When necrotic tissue (any necrotic tissue) attracts Ca and other minerals, becoming calcified. |
| Mercury | This element binds to the sulfhydryl groups of the cell membrane increasing membrane permeability and inhibiting ATPase-dependent transport |
| Cyanide | Compound that blocks oxidative phosphorylation by poisoning mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase |
| Carbon Tetrachloride | Compound metabolized by CYP450 into a reactive toxic radical species that attacks phospholipids, generating new radicals. |
| Fatty Liver | The dissociation of ribosomes from the rough ER leads to a decrease in apoprotein synthesis which is responsible for this morphologic change |
| Tylenol (acetominophen) | A drug that is detoxified first by Cytochrome P450 (via sulfation and glucuronidation) and then by GSH. Toxicity results in hepatocellular necrosis |
| Apoptosis | Type of cell death observed during embryogenesis. |
| Apoptosis | Type of cell death observed in the endometrial cell during the menstrual cycle. |
| Apoptosis | Cells with DNA damage are destroyed by this process. |
| Apoptosis | Cell death associated with DNA ladder in agarose gel electrophoresis |
| Necrosis | Cell death associated with neutrophils |
| Apoptosis | Cell death associated with macrophages |
| Caspases | Cysteine proteases that inactivate DNases and break up nuclear scaffold and cytoskeleton. |
| Phosphatidylserine | A normally intracellular phospholipid, flipped extracellularly in an apoptotic cell |
| Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) | Family of membrane bound receptors that function in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. |
| Extrinsic | Death receptors are associated with this apoptotic pathway. |
| Bcl-2 | Anti-apoptotic protein normally found in mitochondrial membranes and cytoplasm.. |
| growth factors | Anti-apoptotic factors are sustained by this class of peptides |
| Intrinsic | Apoptotic pathway controlled by the ratio of pro-apoptotic to anti-apoptotic molecules |
| Intrinsic | Apoptotic pathway characterized by mitochondrial membrane permeability. |
| p53 | Tumor suppressor protein that accumulates when DNA is damaged. It stalls the cell cycle in G1 and can lead to apoptosis if its levels remain high. |
| Heterophagy | Process of lysosomal digestion of material ingested from the extracellular environment. |
| Heterophagy | Ingestion of apoptotic bodies by macrophages is an example of this type of lysosomal catabolism |
| Autophagy | The lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components |
| Lipofuscin | Undigested material derived from lipid peroxidation |
| Chloroquine | Drug that inhibits lysosomal enzymes, reducing tissue damage in inflammatory reactions. Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. |
| Smooth ER | Organelle that will undergo hypertrophy when exposed to toxic chemicals (ethanol, barbituates) over an extended period of time. |
| Smooth ER | Cellular site of cytochrome P450 detoxification. |
| Mallory Body | Eosinophilic inculsion in liver cells, termed "alcoholic hyaline." |
| keratin | Mallory bodies are composed mainly of this intermediate filament and are characteristic of alcoholic liver disease. |
| Steatosis (fatty change) | An abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells |
| Alcohol abuse | The most common cause of significant fatty change in the liver in developed countries. |
| Fatty change | Decreased synthesis of apoproteins in the liver results in this type of change. |
| protein | Intracellular hyaline change is attributed to the accumulation of what type of macromolecule. |
| Extacellular | Hyalinization of the walls of renal arterioles are an example of (intracellular/extracellular) hyaline change |
| Intracellular | Russell bodies and Mallory bodies are examples of (intracellular/extracellular) hyaline change. |
| Anthracosis | Accumulation of exogenous carbon particles in the tracheobronchal lymph nodes resulting a blackening of the tissue. |
| Lipofuscin | Endogenous wear and tear pigment thought to be derived from lipid peroxidation. |
| Lipofuscin | Yellow-brown, finely granular intracytoplasmic pigment. |
| Melanin | Endogenous brown-black pigment from the oxidation of dihydroxyphenylalanine |
| Hemosiderin | Hemoglobin derived golden to yellow-brown pigment. Seen where there is a local excess of iron. |
| Metastatic calcification | Calcification always related to hypercalcemia secondary to disorder in calcium metabolism. |
| Dystrophic calcification | Local calcium deposition in dying tissues |
| Dystrophic | Atherosclerosis is an example of which type of calcification. |
| Metastatic | Type of calcification found most often in tissues that have an internal alkaline compartment (lungs, kidneys, arteries, pulmonary veins and gastric mucosa) |
| Telomere | With each replication this portion of the chromosome is thought to shorten eventually arresting the cell cycle. |
| Telomerase | The RNA-protein complex responsible for adding nucleotides onto the end of chromosomes using its own RNA template. |
| Telomerase | Active in cancers and germline cells, but inactive in normal somatic cells. |
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